2022高考英语阅读理解备考复习.pdf

2022高考英语阅读理解备考专题复习利用释义法解题在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。【考 例1】（2021年全国甲卷，C篇）9.What do the underlined words Safe!Safe!Safe!probablymean?A.Be careful!B.Well done!C.No way!Don t worry!【解析】原 文：A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,myfriends beat their boards loud,shouting:Safe!Safe!Safe!Andthat s what matteredlanding tricks,being a good skater.本题可以用释义法解题。根据画线部分后面的解释And that s whatmatteredlanding tricks,being a good skater.（月B才是真正重要的一一掌握了滑板的落地技巧，才能成为一名好的滑板玩家。）可 知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，由此可以推出本句的Safe有赞美之意，故 选B项。【考例2（2020年5月天津卷，C篇）47.The expression added bonus refers to the fact that electricplanes.A.give passengers more pleasant viewsB.bring airlines more financial benefitsC.offer more enjoyable flying experiencesD.cost less in maintenance than traditional ones【解析】原 文：Theres also the added bonus that electric planes arejust much more pleasant to fly in.No loud engine noise,no smell offuel,just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.added bonus后面的that从句是同位语从句，解 释 说 明addedbonus”的内容（坐电动飞机更舒服）。HNo loud engine noise,no smellof fuel,just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.句贝！J进步解释说明，电动飞机飞行时没有发动机的噪音，没有燃油的气味，环境安静和 谐，这意味着人们能够获得更加愉悦的飞行体验，故选C项。利用构词法解题英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过 解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够 望文生义 的效果，同时结合文章的语境来猜测词义。【考 例 1】（2016年全国n 卷，B 篇）27.What does the underlined word downside in Paragraph 4probably mean?A.Mistake.B.Drawback.C.Difficulty.D.Burden.【解析】原 文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.Iran the risk of losing those students who had a different style ofthinking.Without fail one would declare,But Im just not creative.downside是 由down（向下）+side（方 面）构成的合成词，并且后文提到 作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险。因 此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不 足，缺 点 ，故 选B项。【考例2】（2010年福建卷，B篇）60.The underlined word outlawed in Paragraph 2 probablymeans .A.allowed B.banned C.offered D.refused【解析】原 文：Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa willget a TV over the next five years.In 2005,after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班），which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.Theglobal total is another 150 million by 2013 pushing the numbersto well beyond two thirds of families.本题可以利用构词法结合文意猜测词义。out”作为前缀构成动词时,有 超 越，超 过 的 意 思，与law连 用，意思是 超越了法律，即为法律所不容。再 结 合 句 子2005,after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV,1 in 5 Afghans had one.可 知，2005 年塔利班政权垮台以后，五分之一的阿富汗人有了电视机，而在这之前电视应该是 被禁止的。故 选B项，ban有 禁 止 之 意。利用因果法解题若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。根据前面的原因可以推测后面的结果，根据后面的结果也可以反推前面的原因。因果关系的语境通常由because.so、thus、therefore,as a result of、since、so that、so/such.that.等标志词体现。【考 例1】（2020年全国II卷，C篇）30.What does the underlined word collapsed in paragraph 5probably mean?A.Boomed.B.Became mature.C.Remained stable.D.Crashed.【解析】原 文:The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades,butwhen the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sizedanimals multiplied like crazy.由 The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades 这一句可知,几十年来，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠的数量处于控制之下。根据画线词后的thecat-sized animals multiplied like crazy可 知，这种大小像猫的动物开始疯狂地繁殖，由此推知含有画线词的这一句指出了原因20世纪80年代末海 狸 鼠市场 崩 溃 了 ，故 选D项。【考例2】（2019年全国II卷，B篇）25.What does the underlined phrase tug at the heartstrings”inParagraph 2 mean?A.Encourage team work.B.Appeal to feeling.C.Promote good deeds.D.Provide advice.【解析】原 文：I guess that theres probably some demanding workschedule,or social anxiety around stepping up to help for anunknown sport.She may just need a little persuading.So I try againand tug at the heartstrings.I mention the single parent with four kidsrunning the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that hiskids aren t even on.At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,Alright.Yes,Iz II do it由逻辑词s。可 知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到 她可能需要有人劝说一下，故tug at the heartstrings应该有 劝说 的意思。appeal to feeling意思是 打动某人，唤起某人 的 情 感 ，故 选B项。利用同义法解题画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该单词或短语的含义，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and、or、like、as welk similarly,too、also.either等。当画线单词或短语与其他单词或短语由并列连词或者表示相同相似关系的副词连接时，意味着这两部分内容在含义上是接近的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个单词或短语所属的义域，进而可推知其大致意思。【考例1】（2020年全国in卷，B篇）26.What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”inparagraph 3 probably mean?A.Listing completely.B.Directing professionally.C.Promoting successfully.D.Watching carefully.【解析】原 文：One nonprofit organization,which monitors thetreatment of animals in filmed entertainment,is keeping tabs onmore than 2,000 productions this year.心 艮 据 One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatmentof animals in filmed entertainment0可 知，这个非营利组织旨在监督电影娱乐业对待动物的方式，所以下文应是表达“该组织今年正在密切关注2000多部电影产品。keeping tabs o n 与monitors（监控）表达的意义相同，故 选D项。【考例2】（2015年四川卷，D篇）44.What does the underlined word“nocturnal in Paragraph 5mean?A.Active at night.B.Inactive at night.C.Active during the day.D.Inactive during the day.【解析】原 文：And it is not just robins that are being kept awake byartificial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.画线单词前一句说 不是只有知更鸟在人造光下会一直醒着，而also（也）表明这一句与前面表达的意思相近，即 黑鹏和海鸥也更活跃。nocturnal应 该 是awake的近义词，意 为 夜 间 活 跃 的 ，故选A项。利用反义法解题运用转折对比描述事物或现象是写作时常用的一种手法，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词语与前面或后面的另一个词语互为反义或转折对比关系。抓住这些信号词，结合上下文意，我们就能够快速推测出词义。体现对比关系的词语很多，常见的有but、yet.however,while,unlike、instead（o f）.on the other hand,rather thans on the contrary等。【考 例1（2020年新高考全国I卷，D篇）13.What does the underlined word beanpoles in paragraph 1refer to?A.Big eaters.B.Overweight persons.C.Picky eaters.D.Tall thin persons.【解析】原 文：According to a recent study in the Journal ofConsumer Research,both the size and consumption habits of oureating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary toexisting research that says you should avoid eating with heavierpeople who order large portions（份），its the beanpoles with bigappetites you really need to avoid.由contrary to（与相 反）”可 知，画线词一句与前句意思相反，因此beanpoles应 该 与heavier people意思相反，意思是 与现存的研究发现（应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭）相 反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大而又高又瘦的人，故 选D项。【考例2】（2012年全国II卷，D篇）54.What do the words a replica in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A painting of the skeleton.B.A photograph of Lucy.C.A copy of the skeleton.D.A written record of Lucy.【解析】原 文：Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice.The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in thecapital,Addis Ababa,is a replica while the real remains are usuallylocked in a secret storeroom.由while（而）可 知，本题可以使用反义法解题。根据画线词后面的“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom 可知，while前后构成转折对比关系，所以画线词与real意思相反，意思 应 为 假 的 ，故答案为C,意思是 一个骨骼的复制品。利用语境法解题有些猜测词义句意题找不到以上标志或线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义句意。【考 例1（2021年全国乙卷，B篇）25.What does the underlined word concede in paragraph 3mean?A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.【解析】原 文:Still,55 percent of Australians have a landline phoneat home and only just over a quarter（29%）rely only on theirsmartphones,according to a survey（调 查）.Of those Australians whostill have a landline,a third concede that its not really necessary andthey re keeping it as a security blanket19 percent say they neveruse it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.I thinkmy home falls into that category.根据画线单词的上文Of those Australians who still have a landline（在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中）可 知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人。再根据下文its not really necessary andthey re keeping it as a security blanket19 percent say they neveruse it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.（固定重话并不是必需的，他们将其作为一种安全保障一一19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另 有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况）可 知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了能在紧急情况下使用。由此推知，在调查中他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。因 此，画线单词concede意 思 应 为 承 认 ，故选A项。【考例2】（2019年全国I卷，B篇）25.What does the underlined word stumbles in paragraph 2refer to?A.Improper pauses.B.Bad manners.C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.【解析】原 文：But he s nervous.I m here to tell you today whyyou should.should.K Chris trips on the-Id,a pronunciationdifficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,ThomasWhaley,is next to him,whispering support.”.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.When hebrings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of theclass to praise him.根据上下文语境可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中Chris的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，经常停顿。stumble 一词描述的是Chris演讲时的状态，而A项的意思是 不恰当的停顿，故正确答案为A。利用常识法解题在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。【考例】（2020年江苏卷，C篇）61.The underlined expression stomach it in Paragraph 1 mostprobably means .A.digest the meal easily B.manage without breakfastC.decide wisely what to eat D.eat whatever is offered【解析】原 文：For those who can stomach it,working out beforebreakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first,according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.此 题 考 查stomach的生僻意思。根据生活常识可知，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处 意为 如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早饭前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多，故 选B项。最后的话高考英语试题的阅读材料选材地道、内容新颖、语 言 鲜 活，常蕴含丰富地道的词汇和表达方式。文章中有时会出现生词，抑或是使用熟词的生僻意思，借此考查考生是否具有通过构词、语法、定义、同位、同义、对比、因果、常识、上下文语境等线索推断词义句意的能力。同学们在复习过程中应熟练掌握考纲所要求的3500个 词 汇，同时具备必要的 构 词 知 识，扩 大 阅 读 量，再适当运用以上猜词锦囊，相信会对解答好猜词悟义题有所助益。