2021届高考英语语法--省略学案.pdf
高中英语语法-省略+练习省略是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法分析，句子应该具备的成分，有时出于修辞上的需要,在句中并不出现，这种句子叫省略句，这种语法现象称为“省略”。其特点是：虽然省去句子语法结构所需要的组成部分，但仍能表达其完整的意义。英语中常见的省略句有以下几种。1.简单句中的省略(1)省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法(I)Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。(I)See you tomorrow.明天见。(It)Doesn*t matter.没关系。(2)省略主、谓语或主、谓语的一部分(There is)No smoking.禁止吸烟。(Is there)Anything wrong?有什么问题吗？(3)省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留toAre you going there?一I d like to(go there).你要去那儿吗？我想去那里。注意：如果该宾语是b e动词或完成时态，则须在to 之后加上be或 have。Are you an engineer?一No,but I want to be.你是工程师吗？不是，但是我想成为一名工程师。一Hehasn t finished the task yet.一Well,he ought to have.他还没完成任务呢！呃，他应该已经完成的。(4)省略表语Are you thirsty?Yes.I am(thirsty).你渴吗？是的，我渴了。(5)同时省略几个成分一Have you finished your work?(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.你完成工作了吗？还没有呢！2.并列句中的省略在由and,but,or,therefore,so等词连接，或是没有连词而用分号的并列句中，在不影响句意的情况下，并列句中后面分句与前面分句相同的部分都可以省略。They don t agree with you；neither do I(agree with y o u).他们不同意你的意见，我也不同忌、oBob has done his homework,but Tom hasn,t(done his homework).鲍勃已经做完了家庭作业，但是汤姆还没做完。3.复合句中的省略(1)主句中有一些成分被省略(I m)Sorry to hear that you are ill.听说你病了，我很难过。Once(he was)a worker,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是一名工人，现在他已经成为一名著名歌手。(2)省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用 so或 not(切不可用it或 that)代替Is he coming back tonight?一I think so.他今晚回来吗？我想是的。一Is he feeling better today?r m afraid not.他今天感觉好点了吗？恐怕没有。这种用法常见的有：How so?Why so?Is that so?I hope so.He said so.R I suppose not.Ibelieve nothope not.等。(但 I don t think so.比 I think not.更常用)(3)在宾语从句中that可省略，但如果有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，除第一个that外，其他that都不能省略。He said(that)he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.他说他两天前来到这里，住在一家旅馆里。(4)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的that,which或 whom可以省略。The book(that)he bought yesterday was expensive.他昨天买的那本书很贵。(5)在时间、地点、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，如果主句、从句的主语一致或从句的主语是i t,且从句中谓语动词含有be动词时，常可以把从句中的主语和谓语一起省略。Though(they were)tired,they went on working.虽然累了，但他们仍继续工作。Unless(it is)necessary,you d better not refer to the dictionary.除非有必要，否则你最好不要查字典。(6)在由than,a s引导的比较状语从句中，在不造成误解的前提下，任何成分都可以省略。I know you can do better than he(can do).我知道你能比他做得更好。4.动词不定式的省略当不定式在形容词 afraid,anxious,eager,glad,happy,ready,willing 等后作状语时，to 后的内容常省略。Will you join us in the game?-Thank you.I,d be happy to(join in the game).你愿意和我们一起玩游戏吗？谢谢。我很乐意(参加游戏)。(2)某些使役动词,如：make,let,have等和感官动词，如:see,watch,notice,observe,hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略t o,但若这些动词用于被动语态，则 to 不省略。We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.(被动语态)我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。(3)并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，则不能省略tOoHe likes to swim more than(to)skate.比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.(比较)他认为最重要的是学习而不是交朋友。(4)当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略。常见的动词有agree,afford,expect,forget,hope,know,manage,pretend,remember,refuse,want,wish,would like 等。I would do it for you,but I don,t know how to(do it for you).我愿意为你做这件事，但是我不知道怎么去做。(5)介词but,except(除了)前有实义动词do 的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。All he could do was nothing but wait and see.他所能做的只有等着瞧。(6)当不定式在be going to,be able to,have to,ought to,used to 后作复合谓语时,不定式可省略。They didn t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。名师点津J省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或 b e 的任何形式时，to 后要保留原形的have或 be。类似这样用法的还有动词短语 ought to,be going to,be about to,be supposed to,have to,used to 及形容词 glad,happy,pleased,delighted 等。He didn t come,but he ought to have.他没来，但他应该来。5.练习I.用省略结构改写下列各句1.You have a seat,please.Have a seat,please.2.Jack must have been playing football and Mary must have been doing her homework.Jack must have been playing football and Mary doing her homework.3.Wood gives off much smoke while it is burning.Wood gives off much smoke while burning.4.Whenever it is possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.Whenever possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.5.You can t force him to answer the question if he s not ready to answer the question.You can t force him to answer the question if he s not ready to.n.用省略结构翻译句子6.这个男孩想骑他的自行车，但他的妈妈告诉他不要骑。7.这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野营吧。8.他的建议使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。9.上网时，我下载了这部电影。10.我让他到外面吃，但他不想去。6.The boy wanted to ride his bike,but his mother told him not to.7.Will you be free this Sunday?If so,let s go camping.8.His advice made me happy,but Jim angry.9.When surfing the Internet,I downloaded the film.10asked him to eat out,but he didn t want to.此把下列各句中的画线部分补充完整1.He speaks English more fluently than you do.you speak English2.Video games can be a poor influence if left in the wrong hands.if they are left3.It is so cold that you can,t go outside unless ftiHy covered in thick clothes.unless you are fUlly covered4.一Can you finish your work today?I think so.I can finish my work today5.r m sorry to have hurt you,but I didn t mean to.I didn t mean to hurt youIV.语法填空China is leading the world in facial recognition algorithms(人脸识别算法).It is reported thatits best algorithm can recognize 10 million people 1.a single mistake in less than asecond.The top five of the 39 facial recognition algorithms in the world come from China,accordingto a test,2.released the results last Friday.YITU Technology,3.Shanghai-basedcompany that claimed both the top and second spot on the list,said that its top algorithm is able 4.(recognize)nearly every person in a sample base of 10 million.However,“it is very likely for ahuman brain to make 5.(mistake)in recognizing the identities of 100 people,thecompany said.Algorithms from Beijing-based company Sense Time 6.(win)the thirdand fourth spot,while the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology(SIAT)claimed 7.(five)in the test.YITU said that high facial recognition accuracy means that users gain 8.(good)experiences when 9.(use)related products.For example,when a user uses facialID fbr payment on a smartphone,it will not authorize the payment for someone else with a similar10.(appear)as the user,the company noted.语篇解读 本文属于新闻，介绍了世界面部识别算法最好的公司都来自中国，并介绍了其相关的信息及未来的前景。1.without2.which3.a4.to recognize5.mistakes6.won7.fifth8.better9.using10.appearanceV用省略结构完成句子6.即使被开除，我也不会说同事的坏话。7.那个人突然停了下来，好像是要找什么东西。8.我原本计划去看电影，但是我妈妈不让我去。9.杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。10.待在庇护所里时，他发现了几种小型动物。6.1 will not speak ill of my colleagues even if/though fired.7.Suddenly the man stopped,as if to look for something.8.T d planned to see the film,but my mother asked me not to.9,Jack will sing at the party,but I know John won t.10.When staying in the shelter,he discovered a few kinds of tiny animals.
