2023届高考英语阅读理解专练（6）科教科普类.docx

（6）科教科普类An extremely rare manuscript（手稿）signed by English naturalist Charles Darwin is expected to fetch up to $790,000 at a Sotheby's auction next month.The document contains a passage from the famous 1859 work On the Origin of Species, in which Darwin put forth his theory of evolution. The document was once thought to be a deserted page from an earlier manuscript of the work. But experts now understand it was written in 1865 and sent to the editor of the Autographic Mirror who had requested a signed writing sample from Darwin.n While some of Darwin's notes and manuscript pages have survived over the last hundred or more years, he was known to keep revising his publications, often throwing away pages from working drafts as waste paper, making them extremely rare/ Sotheby's said in a statement.On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book of all time in a public poll held during Academic Book Week in 2015. The book offers Darwin's revolutionary idea that species evolve over generations in the process of natural selection.Darwin backed up his theory with evidence collected during his 1831-1836 voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, during which he observed and collected specimens（标本）from a number of species. On the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador, Darwin noted that the finches（鸣雀）on the island were similar to finches on the mainland; however, the availability of different foods in each area had led to differences in beak shapes.The manuscript will be placed on display at Sotheby's in New York between Nov. 30 and Dec 8, and online bids will be accepted between Nov. 25 and Dec. 8. The auction house estimates that the document will fetch between $600,000 and $790,000.The auction, which is titled Age of Wonder, will also include a first edition of On the Origin of Species and a copy of scientific paper by Darwin and another naturalist. 1 .What do we know about the manuscript?A.Its a page of On the Origin of Species. Bits a draft of Darwin!s scientific paper. C.Ifs a signed writing sample to an editor. D.Its waste paper from Darwin*s study.2. What makes Darwin's On the Origin of Species the most influential academic book? A. His methods of research.B. His adventure on the sea.humans. However, according to a recent study, animals also seem to know when to speak and when to listen.The study involved over 300 animals including birds, mammals（哺乳动物），insects, and frogs which practice turn-taking behavior. These animals alternate their call and response in a similar way humans communicate. Monkeys, for example, often exchange calls to locate each other in the wild and figure out whether they know one another.While forms of communication are mostly sound-based, several species have more creative forms of viewable communication. Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures, while birds, insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.Kobin Kendrick, the main co-author on the study, says that making comparisons among animals that take turns when communicating can give us a better understanding of how this feature evolved in humans and our ancestors. nWe know very little about the evolution and origin of the human language, so any possibility of gaining insight into it is worth going after/' he says.Additionally, while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly, well-mannered animals, Kendrick stresses that this isn't always the case. Owl（猫头鹰） chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding. nThis can be seen as an exception to the rule, highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general/ says Kendrick.One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don't know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest. Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking, allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons. nWe all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other, and we hope the study will drive more cross talk between humans and animals in the future/1 says Kendrick.29.What can we learn about the turn-taking behavior?A. It is a unique human quality.B. It is an acquired athletic skill.C. It occurs between familiar relations. D. It features complexity and interaction. 3O.Which of the following is a form of visual intercommunication?A.Frogs show skin colors.B. Bees release smells.C. Eagles scream in the sky.D. Monkeys exchange calls.31.Why are "owl chicks" mentioned in paragraph 5?A. To propose a definition.B.To give a contrast.C. To present an argument.D.To make a prediction.32.What aspect of research does the last paragraph highlight?A. Research budget.B.Research range.C. Research frequency.D.Research background.答案以及解析L答案：C解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“But experts now understand it was written in 1865 and sent to the editor of the Autographic Mirror who had requested a signed writing sample from Darwin.（但专家们现在知道，这份手稿写于1865年，被寄给了自传 镜的编辑，他曾向达尔文索要一份签名的写作样本。户可知，这份手稿是一份给 编辑的签名写作样本。故选C。2 .答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据第四段“On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book of all time in a public poll held during Academic Book Week in 2015.The book offers Darwin's revolutionary idea that species evolve over generations in the process of natural selection.（在 2015 年学术图书周期间举行的公 众投票中，物种起源被评为有史以来最具影响力的学术书籍。这本书提出了 达尔文的革命性观点，即物种在自然选择的过程中经过几代人的进化。户可知，达 尔文的进化论使达尔文的物种起源成为最有影响力的学术著作。故选D。3 .答案：A解析：词句猜测题。根据第五段“Darwin backed up his theory with evidence collected during his 1831-1836 voyage on the H.MS. Beagle, during which he observed and collected specimens（标本）from a number of species.（达尔文在 1831- 1836年乘坐英国皇家海军贝格尔号航行期间，观察并收集了许多物种的标本，以 此来back up他的理论。）”可知，达尔文观察收集物种标本来支持自己的理论。 划线词是support的意思。故选A。4 .答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“An extremely rare manuscript（手稿）signed by English naturalist Charles Darwin is expected to fetch up to $790,00 at a Sotheby's auction next month.（一份由英国博物学家查尔斯达尔文签名的极其罕见的手稿预 计将在下个月的苏富比拍卖会上拍出790000美元。）”可知，拍卖的目的是将手稿 出售。故选A。*、5 .答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据第一句话中的“doing housework was tied to a better memory and attention span, and stronger legs J 可知，A 项正确。根据第一句中的 “which helps prevent falls.”可知，做家务有助于预防摔倒，而不是做家务的老人 就不摔倒，故B项错误。文中没有提及在新加坡做家务现象呈上升的趋势，故 C项错误。研究中并没有说做家务是老年人最喜欢的锻炼形式，故D错误。6 .答案：D解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句"After taking other types of regular physical activity into consideration,”可知，D 项正确。根据第二段第一句“For the study, Wee's team investigated nearly 500 healthy Singaporeans between 21 and 90 years of age.”可知，研究人员考虑了参与者的年龄，但是没有考虑性别和职 业，故A项错误。根据第二段第二句中的“.36% said they engaged in enough physical activity to meet the goal researchers set as beneficial.“可矢口 ： 36%的人表 示，他们参加了足够的体力活动，以达到研究人员设定的有益目标，文中并没 有提及参与者设定的目标。故B项错误。C项关于参与者做家务的方式，文中 没有提及，故C错误。7 .答案：A解析：写作手法题。在第二、三段中研究人员通过对多项研究数据的对比分 析，得出几项具体的发现，故选A项。8 .答案：B解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句中的“.housework is exercise that also involves mental activity and requires detailed thought processes to complete."、第二 句中的“.increases blood circulation to your muscles and your brain, which helps mental function.”及弓语中"It's a task you've got to plan fbr.There's planning involved, so there's mental exercise along with physical exercise.”可知： 本段主要 内容为做家务是如何有助于提升大脑功能的。故选B项。9 .答案:A解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask, according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.（但这真的是打扰吗?根据斯坦福大学凯瑟琳希尔顿领导 的一项新研究，答案取决于你问谁。）和第四段第二、三句The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous（同时）chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.（高强度组报告说，人们在表 达一致意见时同时讲话的对话并不是打断，而是比在两次谈话之间保持沉默的对 话更投入、更友好。相比之下,低强度组认为任何数量的同时聊天都是粗鲁的打 断，不管说话人在说什么。）可知，希尔顿的研究说明了打断对不同的人来说意义 不同,由此可知希尔顿的研究重点是打断对人们意味着什么。故选A。10 .答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句 She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly and engaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt.（她让参与者听一些音频片段, 然后回答一些问题，比如说话者看起来是否友好、投入、彼此倾听，还是试图打断） 可知，参与者们需要在听完音频后回答一些问题。故选B。11 .答案：D解析:细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Low intensity speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.（低强 度说话者觉得同时说话很不礼貌，他们更喜欢人们在交谈中一个接一个地说话）可 知，对于低强度聊天者来说，同时聊天是不礼貌的。故选D。12 .答案：A解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段"People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the overall communication/' Hilton said. nBreaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to understand how humans interact with each other."（“人们很在意被打断，而这些小的干扰会对整 体交流产生巨大影响，”希尔顿说。"如果我们想了解人类之间是如何互动的，弄清 中断意味着什么至关重要。”）可推知，人类的互动是复杂的。故选A。四、13 .答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据第段 It is generally acknowledged that the older we get, the more slowly we react.（人们普遍认为，我们年龄越大，反应越慢。）可知关于成年 人的思维速度，共同的假设是它随着年龄的增长而下降，故选Ao14 .答案:B解析：词义猜测题。根据第二段 They came to the conclusion that the speed of cognitive information processing remains largely stable between the ages of 20 and 60, and only deteriorates at higher ages.（他们得出的结论是，认知信息处理的速度在20 岁至60岁之间基本保持稳定，只有在较高年龄段才会恶化。）可知deteriorates意 为"恶化A.Stays stable 保持稳定;B.Becomes worse 恶化;C.Changes suddenly 突 然变化;D.Increases rapidly快速增加。故选B。15 .答案：C解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段 They think that older test subjects are slower mainly because they reply more cautiously and concentrate more on avoiding mistakes. At the same time, motor function speed slows down during the course of adult life: older participants in the experiment needed longer to press the appropriate key after they had found the right answer.（他们认为年龄较大的受试者反应较慢，主 要是因为他们回答时更谨慎，更专注于避免错误。同时,成年后，运动功能速度减 慢:实验中年龄较大的参与者在找到正确答案后需要更长时间按下相应的键。） 可知米沙冯克劳斯博士认为成熟谨慎的天性导致老年受试者的反应时间增加。故选Co16 .答案：A解析：写作意图题。通读全文可知本文介绍了一个实验得出的结论与人们的看 法不同。文中涉及到了实验的过程与结论。故选A。五、17 .答案：C解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话“It may seem like just a thought experiment. But discussing which species are able to survive climate change is disturbingly concrete”.“这可能看起来只是一个思想实验。但是，讨论哪些物种能 够经受住气候变化的考验是令人不安的具体问题。”及下句的支撑句“As a report stated recently, one in four species currently faces extinction, which is closely linked to climate change.”说明这个问题并不是没有依据的，而是有可能真实发生的。由 此可知:就连这个问题本身都是“disturbing”的，何况在第一段中Gray给出的答案 是:"I don't think it will be humans. I think we'll go quite early on,“人类不会在气候 变化下幸存下来。因此可以推断，作者的感受是不安的。故选择C项。18 .答案：D解析：词义猜测题。结合一二段内容，尤其根据“which species she thinks would be the last ones standing” 以及“which species are able to survive climate change”可以 猜测出划线部分中的going far与上面提到的standing和survive同义。此外，本 句作为过渡句具有引起下文的作用，下文介绍了几种在气候变化中幸存下来的 动植物。因此可以推测划线部分的含义为“可能存活下来”的意思。故答案为Do19 .答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中“heat tolerant and drought resistant plants, like those found in deserts, are more likely to survive”以及最后一句"Plants that can adjust their flowering times may also be better able to deal with higher temperatures.”可排除A项；根据第四段可知，螳螂通过挖洞来躲避日益干燥的 环境及它不挑食的特点，成功地活了成百上千万年，可知有着同样特点的动物 可能会幸存下来，故B项正确；根据第五段可知，移动多能者类动物适应环境 能力强，很有可能在气候变化中幸存下来，而C中这种动物的特点与此相反， 故C项错误。根据最后一段可知，能够找到海底峡谷或地下洞穴等缓冲区的动 物，也是可以幸存下来的，但D项中提到的鱼类不属于此类，故排除D项。20 .答案:B解析：主旨大意题。全文围绕“哪些物种可以在气候改变的情况下存活”这一话 题进行合理的猜想和科学的解释，故选择B项。六、21 .答案:A解析：词义推测题。根据第一段可知,人们对动物的普遍认知是动物不具备创造 性,因此动物与人存在着差异。22 .答案：B解析：推理判断题。第二段提出“动物的创新也是多样化的”这一观点，紧接着 用猩猩和银鸥的例子来证明它。23 .答案：C解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，动物不能将创造力发扬光大。24 .答案：D解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文最有可能来自一篇科学报告。七、25 .答案：B解析：段落大意题。根据第一段 In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place. Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration4在地球上的栖息地里，动物会周期性地放下所有东西去散步、飞行或 游泳到一个新的地方。像鲸鱼和鹅这样的野生动物通过跟随它们的父母来学习 迁徙的路径。其他的，包括小鸣禽，在它们的遗传密码和一些密码中获得它们迁徙 的距离和方向动物利用遗传和文化的结合来指导它们的迁徙。）可知本段主要讲 述了动物迁徙的模式。故选B。26 .答案:C解析：代词指代题。根据第三段 Cory's shearwaters are long-lived, rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the "exploration-refinement", and until now it has been hypothetical （假设的）because of difficulties in tracking migratory animals' movements.（科里的海鸥寿命很长彳艮少在 九岁前成功繁殖后代。这为学习和实践提供了机会，来发展它们的迁徙模式。研 究人员称之为“探索精炼”，由于难以追踪迁徙动物的行动，迄今为止,这种方法一直 是假设性的。）可知this指代的是Coryk shearwaters形成迁移模式的方式。故选 Co27 .答案:C解析：推理判断题。根据第四段 Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.（年轻的 Cory*s shearwaters能像成年海鸥一样飞得那么快，但它们没有，这表明年轻海鸥进行了更 多的探索，随着它们的成熟，这些探索逐渐消失，并进入一个更好的路线。）可知莱 蒂齐娅坎皮奥尼的研究发现了年轻的Cory's shearwaters他们降低了探险的速 度。故选C。28 .答案：C解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段 Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies, "exploration refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes J says Barbara Frei. “It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be sa奥（虽然这种方法看 起来没有其他方法有效，"在这个由于不可预知的人为变化而快速变化的世界里， 探索精细化可能对鸟类和其他有机体有益,"Barbara Frei说。”重复最近成功的行 为可能比依赖很久以前完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。”）可知从最后一段 我们能得出结论:航线的探索有助于鸟类的适应性。故选Co八、29 .答案：D解析：推理判断题。根据第一段 A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match: players each take turns responding, knowing instinctively when to speak and when to listen. This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans.（一场好的谈话应该像一场网球比赛一样进行:球员 们轮流做出反应，本能地知道什么时候该说，什么时候该听。这种复杂而反复的谈 话通常被认为只有人类才拥有）可知，我们能从轮流行为中了解到,它具有复杂性 和交互性。故选D项。30 .答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据第三段 While forms of communication are mostly soundbased, several species have more creative forms of viewable communication. Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures, while birds, insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.（虽然交流形 式主要是基于声音,但一些物种有更有创意的可视交流形式。猴子宝宝用手势让 父母知道它们想被抱着，而鸟类、昆虫和青蛙可以通过彩色的展示来传达信息）可 知，青蛙展示皮肤颜色属于视觉交流的一种形式。故选A项。31 .答案:B解析：推理判断题。根据第五段 Additionally, while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly, well-mannered animals, Kendrick stresses that this isn't always the case. Owl（猫头鹰）chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding. nThis can be seen as an exception to the rule, highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general," says Kendrick.（此外，虽然轮流的想法可能会让人想到一幅有序、彬彬有 礼的动物画面，但肯德里克强调,情况并非总是如此。在喂食过程中，猫头鹰雏鸟 可能会试图通过发出更大的声音来吸引母亲的青