初中英语阅读理解与完形填空.pdf

初中阅读懂得阅读懂得也是中考英语题的必考问题之一，本题型旨在 考查学生阅读，懂得的功底,几年来，中考英语题中的阅读懂得材料新，题材富厚，考查学生综合推断功底，根据语篇猜单词意思的功底的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的功底。所以学生往往要么没能正确懂得语篇中某些句子的意思，在 细 节 题 上 丢 分，要么就是对语篇的整体掌握不够，在综合题大概推断题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读懂得这一题型呢？我将从以下三个方面谈论这个问题：一、解题思路(-)先读问题，弄清考查要点，以便能带着问题看文章，如许会心中有数，有 的 放矢。在 读题的时辰划出问题的关键词。(二)飞快浏览全文，掌握全貌，注重发觉与问题有关的信息，参加时间紧，至少要扫视一下起首段和尾段。再把问题和文章内容联合起来想一想，如许全文大意便清楚了。此时，不要忙于答题。（三）细读原文，捕捉相关信息词，掌握短文细节内容。这 是 解 题 的 关 键，应特殊注重以下几点：1.抓住四个“W“和一个H“，就是边读边用铅笔做些标记，把 What（事务），When（时间）,Where（地点），Why（缘故），How（经由）划出来。抓住了四个W 和 一 个“H”，就抓住了文章的全貌，一些直接性的问题便可解决。2.抓住毗邻词及起关键作用的副词、代词、介词、插入语等。因为这些词具有因果，让步，递进，转折，指代，列举及承上启下等各种毗邻上下文的特殊功能。这对考生分清文章层次，辨明各种关系，领会人物心理，推断作者意图，进行逻辑推理等手段来解析难点,都具有举足轻重的作用。3.注重领会文章的寓意。4.根据题意，初选答案。这一步须卖力审题，领会测试要求，确定解题方式。对那些显明 的，有掌握的题可以断然确定，不必把其余三个答案再作推敲而挥霍时间：有些略难的 题，应再查阅短文（不是重读一遍），敏捷找出依据，予以排除。常用的解题方式有如下几种：直接解题法。即从原文中直接找出答案。归纳解题法。对于不能从原文中直接找出答案的可在掌握全文中间和线索的前题下进行归纳综合、归纳得出正确答案。综合推理法。读者需统观全文，卖力解析，综合推理及至计算，末了归纳出正确答案。题干中有“suggest,conclude,conclusion,probably,reason,because,according to 等字眼时，属于推断归纳综合型，考查内容着眼于全篇，考生应具备必然的解析归纳，推理等逻辑思维功底。捕捉关键词。在阅读时应该注重与问题相关的同义词，近义词，反义词或同位词等信息词来得出正确答案。同意转换法。即原文这么说，而在问题和所选项中则用另外的词去转换一种说法，但仍示意同一含义。排 除 法。根据语言，句法结构，信息词和常识，在没有掌握的选项中用排除法得出正确答案。四、重读原文，卖力斟酌核对答案。在解完末了一道题后，参加时间许可，再将原文读一 遍；用全文的主题思想统率各摸索题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以便削减失误。二.阅读懂得题型及解题本领从近几年的中考阅读懂得情况看，短文体裁多样，题材各异，文章涉及科学常识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面，充实表现当时代性、有效性。短文难度逐年加大。常见题型有主旨题、细节题、推断题、猜测词义题和正误判断题。做阅读懂得练习应先看问题，弄清考点。在阅读短文之前，飞快浏览问题，以便在阅读短文时做到心中有数，飞快、正确地捕捉所要信息。先易后难。做题时不必拘泥于书中所呈现的语篇次序，应遵循先易后难的原则。如可先做细节题再做推断题，因为细节题大多能直接从文中找到答案，而推断题则需对短文进行深层懂得，再作判断。主旨题此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中间思想的 领会和懂得功底。其中一类题型为 主旨问题。1、主旨大意题题干常见的问句形式1）主旨句设问类型 What is the main idea of this passage?What does the passage maily talkabout?We can conclude/learn from the passage that 2）最佳问题挑选类型 The best title for this passage is3）作者主旨意图类型 What does the writer want to tell us?Which can express the purposeof the writer according to the passage?2、主旨大意题的解题方式主旨大意题必然要注重文章的首尾两段。参加首尾两段的主旨表达是一致的，那么文章的主旨便是两段重复表明的语句内容表达。找出选项中与归纳的主旨表达重复最多的选项即为最佳答案。参加首尾两段的主旨表达不一致，则需要察看文章的段落篇幅量是倾向于首段或是尾段，从而确定主旨段落。在此过程中，察看篇幅量只需跳读文章段落的首句尾句即可，无需细读段落内容，以节流时间。参加文章只有一段，则注重文章的首两句及尾句，然后用以上的方式确定主旨句。此外，问题挑选即为主旨句的压缩表达，注重抓住主旨句进行主要词汇的提炼，把一个句子提炼为几个关键词，即是对主旨大意进行归纳综合归纳的问题。而作者意图表达必须通过归纳中间主题才能找到，平常表现为advise,convince,present,purpose,warn 等。细节题I s细节事实题题干常见的问句形式1)True or NOT true 是 非判断类型 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?Which of the following statements is NOT true?Which of the following is NOT consideredas?According to the passage,which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of thereasons for?2)特殊疑问词提问类型How many?What/who/when/where/how/why?3）排序题类型 Which of the orders is correct according to the passage?4）例证题类型 The author gives the example inparagraph in order to5）表独一细节概念题类型:the most/estthe only2、细节事实题的解题方式:做这类题的一样方式是先要找出题干或是选项中的关键字，一样为数字、大写或人名地名，再 通 过scanning飞快确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），卖力对照题干要求,排除或挑选。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改革，因果倒置，把A的 看 法 说 成B的看法等。所以正确懂得题干和信息句的意义是关键。细节事实题还要十分注重句子的非主干成分，如定语、状语、补语等，这些成分都是出题者常进行误导的落脚点。是非判断一样都遵循对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的 判 断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分，解析句子结构，正确懂得信息句的意义。必然要注重的 是，要所答是所问，不要受到惯势思维的影响，风俗性地去挑选对的细节事实,切记要弄清问题，不要所答非所问。例证题必然要注重以for example,such as等关键入手处，找出细节出处。排序题要先卖力察看选项，找出首尾一样的选项分组，进而通过具体细节信息对照进行排除和挑选。独一细节题必然要卖力审题，弄清题干所需。特殊需要提醒的是，选项中出现有most（最高级）、the only（独一）、all（所有）、none（全否）修饰的细节，都具有绝对性，挑选判断时要慎选。推断题此类题的关键是要注重原文出现的语句不是我们做出的推理判断，而是原文给出的细节信息，所以原文语句不能选。判断时对已知的事实卖力评价后做出的公道决意并非独一决意，要对事实进行合乎情理的判断，有时还需借助常识进行判断。推理判断题分两种，即对细节的推理和对主旨的推理。主 要 以 We can infer/imply/learn from this passage that 等进行提问。解决此类题要注重，一是 与原文一样的细节不能选，二是文中没有出现的细节不能跳出文章做推断。解题过程中只要注重上述两点，再联合做细节和主旨的方式，即可以做出推理判断题。猜测词义题猜测词义题主要考查学生根据上下文正确判断机动转变的词义功底。一样情况下，推断词义的问题中所出现的单词，大多数是 学生未曾见过的生词，学生需要在 该词出现的上下文中去寻找线索。通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义，然后将这个释义代入文中，查抄是 否贴切，卖力对照直到得出该词的切实的含义。1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词，起首是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如 because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course,therefore等等)示意前因后果。例如：You shouldnt have blamed him for that,for it wasnt his fault,通过 for 引出的 句子所示意的缘故(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的 词 义 是“叱责”。2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是 要看由and或 or毗邻的同义词词组，如 happy and g a y,纵然我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步说明的过程中使用的 同义词，0 Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiterwith the help of spaceships.此句中的 Venus（金星）、Mars（火星）、Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如 but,while,however等；二 是 看 与 not搭配的或示意否定意义的 词语，如：He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推断出homely的 意 思，即不英俊、不瑰丽的意思。3.通过构词法猜词在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的懂得又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法常识，这些问题便不难解决了。4.通过定义或释义关系来推断词义例如：But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time.Then there is a dry period,ordrought.从 drought所 在 句 子 的 上 文我们得知好久不下雨，于是便有一段干 旱 的 期间，即d rought,由此可见drought意思为 久旱，旱灾。而 a dry period和 drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折号等来，J、。5.通过句法功能来推断词义例如：Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warmareas,假 设 pineapples和 coconuts是 生 词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大抵的 意思。从句中不难看出pineapples,coconuts和 bananas,oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，是以它们是两样水果，正确地说，是菠萝和椰子。6.通过描述猜词描述即作者为扶助读者更深更感性地领会某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在 特点的 描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It isfat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catchthe fish,从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在 南极的鸟类。背面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。AWith miles of beaches,sea and sunshine,Pattaya（芭堤雅）is one of the most popularplaces for visitors to Thailand.It provides many kinds of entertainment for both young peopleand the whole family.There is always something to do,any time,any weather,any dayor night.Orchid（兰化）Farms are a worthwhile visit and if you are thinking of taking some of thesebeautiful plants home,visit a day or two before you leave to make sure that you will havelive plants when you get back.You can also get great orchids in a sealed（密封）bottle thatwill last as long as your memory.Pattaya Elephant Village is another place that you can not miss in Pattaya.It is a good placeto learn and understand how elephants have been linked into Thai life and history over thecenturies.You can also take an elephant trek there.Show time allows the elephants to displaytheir skills,such as playing football.You can also feed a tiger at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo（斯里拉差龙虎园）.There you will learnmore about tigers.You can take photos with them.You can also enjoy elephant and crocodileshows at the zoo.根据短文内容，挑选最佳答案。()1 .What is Pattaya famous for in Thailand?A.Beaches.B.Sea.C.Sunshine.D.All of the above.()2 .Whenever you go to Pattaya,it can provide many kinds of entertainment forA.both young people and the whole familyB.both old people and the whole familyC.both young people and kidsD.both parents and kids()3.Where can you get beautiful orchids in Thailand?A.Beaches.B.Pattaya Elephant Village.C.Orchid Farms.D.The Sriracha Tiger Zoo.()4.Which animal do you see at the Sriracha Tiger Zoo?A.Foxes.B.Elephants.C.Lions.D.Monkeys.()5.The passage mainly tells usA.Pattaya is one of the most popular places for visitors to ThailandB.you must buy some beautiful orchids in ThailandC.Pattaya 日ephant Village is the only place that you can not miss in PattayaD.if you visit Thailand,you must visit the Sriracha Tiger ZooBWhen my family moved to America in 2021 from a small v川age in Guangdong,China,webrought not only our luggage,but also our village rules,customs and culture.One ofthe rules is that young people should always r6spect（尊敬）elders.Unluckily,this rule ledto my very first embarrassment in the United States.I had a part-time job as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant.One time,when I was servingfood to a middle-aged couple,the wife asked me how the food could be served so quickly.I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly.As soon as I said that,her face showed great displeasure.My manager,who happenedto hear what I said,took me aside and gave me a long lecture about how sensitive（敏感）Americans are and how they dislike the description old.I then walked back to the tableand apologized to the wife.After the couple heard my reason,they understood that theproblem was caused by cultural differences,so they laughed and were no longer angry.In my village in China,people are proud of being old.Not so many people live to beseventy or eighty,and people who reach such an age have the most knowledge andexperience.Young people always respect older people because they know they can learnfrom their rich experience.However,in the United States,people think growing old is a problem since oldshows that a person is going to retire or that the body is not working well.Here many peopletry to keep themselves away from growing old by doing exercises or jogging,and womenput on makeup,hoping to look young.When I told the couple in the restaurant that Irespect the elderly,they got angry because this caused them to feel they had failed to stayyoung.I had told them something they didn t want to hear.After that,I changed the way I had been with older people.It is not that I don t respectthem any more;I still respect them,but now I don t show my feelings throughwords.By Jack根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中挑选最佳选项。1.Jack brought the couple their food very fast b e c a u s e.A.the manager asked him to do so B.he respected the elderlyC.the couple wanted him to do so D.he wanted more pay2.When Jack called the couple elderly,they b e c a me.A.nervous B.satisfied C.unhappy D.excited3.In Jack1 s hometown,.A.people dislike being called“old B.people are proud of being oldC.many people reach the age of seventy or eightyD.the elderly are the first to get food in restaurants4.After this experience,J ack,A.lost his job in the restaurant B.made friends with the coupleC.no longer respected the elderlyD.changed his way with older people5.Which of the following is TRUE?A.The more Jack explained,the angrier the couple got.B.Jack wanted to show his feelings through words after his experience.C.The manager went back to the table and apologized to the couple.D.From this experience,Jack learned more about American culture.CJean is a bright young woman who comes from a rich and famous family.She goes to agood university and has everything that money can buy.Well,almost everything.Theproblem is that the people in Jean s family are so busy that they can hardly find time to bewith her.In fact,Jean is quite lonely.So Jean spends a lot of time on her QQ.She likes being anonymous（匿名），talking topeople who do not know about her famous family and her rich life.She uses the name Lindaon QQ and has made a lot of friends who she keeps in touch with quite often.Last year Jean made a very special friend on QQ.His name was David and lived in SanFrancisco.David was full of stories and jokes.He and Jean had a common（共 同 的）interest in rock music and modern dance.So it always took them hours to talk happily onQQ and sometimes they even forgot their time.Of course,they wanted to know moreabout each other.David sent a picture of himself:He was a tall,good-looking young manwith a big,happy smile.As time went by,they became good friends and often sent cardsand small things to each other.When Jean*s father told her that he was going on a business trip to San Francisco,sheasked him to let her go with him so that she could give David a surprise for his birthday.Shewould take him the latest DVD of their favorite rock singer.But when she knocked onDavid s door in San Francisco,she found that her special friend was a twelve-year-old boynamed Jim!根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中挑选最佳选项。1.Jean spends a lot of her time on QQ because she is.A.rich B.famousC.young D.lonely2.Jean thought David was special because he.A.made her quite happy on QQB.was from San FranciscoC.sent her a picture of himselfD.was tall and good-looking3.When Jean and“David”met and introduced themselves to each other,who feltsurprised?A.David”.B.Both David”and Jean.C.Jean.D.Neither“David nor Jean.4.What1 s the main idea of the passage?A.Don1 t believe those you get to know on QQ so easily.B.People don t use their real names on QQ so often.C.Don*t go to meet those you get to know on QQ.D.People should tell their real names to others on QQ.DLinda Evans was my best friendlike the sister I never had.We did everything together:piano lessons,movies,swimming,horseback riding.When I was 13,my family moved away.Linda and I kept in touch through letters,andwe saw each other on special time-like my wedding（婚礼）and Linda s.Soon we werebusy with children and moving to new homes,and we wrote less often.One day a cardthat I sent came back,stamped Address（地址）Unknown.I had no idea how to findLinda.Over the years,I missed Linda very much.I wanted to share（分享）happiness of mychildren and then grandchildren.And I needed to share my sadness when my brother andthen mother died.There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda couldfill.One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who lookedvery much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman Linda s married name.Theremust be thousands of Wagmans,n I thought,but J still wrote to her.She called as soon as she got my letter.Mrs Tobin!”she said excitedly,“Linda EvansWagman is my mother.”Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much,even after 40 years,laughed and criedand caught up on each other*s lives.Now the empty place in my heart is filled.Andthere*s one thing that Linda and I know for sure:We won t lose each other again!根据以上短文内容，然后从每题所给的四个选项中挑选最佳选项。1.The writer went to piano lessons with Linda E v a n s.A.at the age of 13 B.before she got marriedC.after they moved to new homesD.before the writer1 s family moved away2.They didn*t often write to each other because t hey.A.got married B.had little time to do soC.didn t like writing letters D.could see each other on special time3.There was an empty place in the writer1 s heart because she.A.was in troubleB.didn*t know Linda*s addressC.received the card that she sentD.didn t have a friend like Linda to share her happiness or sadness4.The writer was happy when she.A.read the newspaper B.heard Linda s voice on the phoneC.met a young woman who looked a lot like LindaD.wrote to the woman whose last name was Wagman5.They haven*t kept in t o u c h.A.for about 40 years B.for about 27 yearsC.since they got marriedD.since the writer s family moved away初中完形填空考点解析：完型填空一向是 考试必考题型，并且在整卷中占相当大的分值，参加该部分失分严峻，会影响学生英语终极成绩.是以，学生必须谙练掌握完型填空做题本领，同时通过必然量专题练习，提高做题的正确率.注:学生该部分失分特殊严峻，所以必须加大该部分的练习.完型填空最常用的四种解题法:L总体掌握:要通读完形填空的短文，跳过空格飞快阅读，领会全篇的主要内容。切不可把宝贵的时间挥霍在个体字句推敲上。2.弄清体裁:文章体裁平常分为四种：论说文、记叙文、说明文和应用文。中考选文以叙事性文章为主，如：幽默故事、科普常识、童话、简短新闻、名流轶事、社会热点问题等。读这类文章，要大体上领会故事所涉及的时间、地点、人物、事务及前因后果。3.重视主题句:完形填空所用的短文一样不给问题，但短文的主题句，往往在每段文章的 首 句，有时也出此刻文章的中间或结束处。主题句提供全篇的性质、大意等，这是 深 入 领 会 全 文 的“窗口”，甚至能以语句为立足点，从该句的时态、语气推断全文的主要内容。4.语境联想:操纵上下文的提示，用学过的常识和已有的生活履历，扫清部分词汇懂得 上 的 障 碍。二、几种解题本领:1.词语搭配(1)从语法角度来说，句子不是词的序列，而 是 词 组 的 序 列。因搭配关系而产生的一样性词汇。如:see a film(3)词序和意义皆以固定的复合词和动词短语。如:push ahead with(奋力前行)。(4)因词组而构成的常见的句式：It feels+形容词+不定式，在搭配判断时，注重：要区别外形附近而意义差别的 搭配。如：look for,look over,look out,look after,look up等。要区别形不相似而意义附近的 搭配。如：I paid 12