高考英语人教版一轮复习课件：语法专题复习 专题2 .ppt

语法专题复习第二部分专题二名词与比较等级一、名词二、形容词和副词 1(2017 全国，62)This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界)as a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side _(effect)such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析：考查名词复数。根据前面的some 和后面的such as overweight and heart disease 可知，此处要用复数形式。side effect(药物或医疗的)副作用。ef fects 真题试做 一、名词 2(2017 全国，61)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _(crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：考查名词复数。根据前面的terrible 可知，此处crowd 为名词，表示“一群群的人”，故要用复数形式。【误解分析】有些同学可能会误填crowding。误以为此处是avoid doing sth.结构。其实前面的形容词terrible 是解答此题的关键。crowds 3(2017 全国，67)She has turned down several _(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.解析：考查名词复数。根据前面的several 可知，此处要用复数形式。4(2017 浙江，56)Last October,while tending her garden in Mora,Sweden,Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _(carrot)and was about to throw them away.解析：考查名词复数。a handful of“一把，几个”，后接可数名词的复数形式，故填carrots。invitations carrots 5(2016 全国)The nursery team switches him every few _(day)with his sister.解析：句意：护理组每隔几天交换看护他和他妹妹。day是可数名词，few 修饰可数名词复数形式，故该空用复数形式。6(2016 全国)Recent _(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.解析：句意：最近的一些研究显示，如果我们定时进行短暂休息的话，我们的工作效率会高很多。study 作“研究”讲时，为可数名词，根据复数谓语动词show 可知主语应用复数形式，故填studies。days studies 7(2015 全国)The limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting)解析：句意：漓江的青山绿水是被许多艺术家在许多国画中描绘过的。painting 是可数名词，many 修饰可数名词复数形式，故该空填名词复数形式。8(2014 全国)For most of us the _(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.解析：句意：对我们大多数人来说，这种变化是逐渐的，而且需要很多努力和工作。所填词作主语，其前是定冠词，所以应用名词；根据谓语are 可知应用复数形式。paintings changes 1(2017 全国)Besides,they often get some useful informations from the Internet._ 解析：考查名词。information 是一个不可数名词，没有复数形式。2(2017 全国)The instructor kept repeating the word,“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”_ 解析：考查名词。根据后面的几个短语speed up，slow down 和turn left 等等，是复数意义。informationsinformation wordwords 3(2016 全国)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we can not get from books._ 解析：knowledge(知识)为不可数名词，无复数形式。4(2016 全国)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._ 解析：由from 13 to 19 和谓语动词were 可知主语用复数形式，故year 改为years。knowledgesknowledge yearyears 5(2015 全国)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier._ 解析：air 作“空气”讲时，是不可数名词。airsair 1 单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则(1)以o 结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加s，但中学英语中下列名词要加es，即negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以o 结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。考点名词的数 核心突破(2)以f 或fe 结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加s，但下列以f 或fe 结尾的名词需要把f 或fe 去掉，加ves，即self(selves)，life(lives)，thief(thieves)，wife(wives),knife(knives),leaf(leaves),shelf(shelves)，wolf(wolves)，half(halves)。但下列以f 结尾的名词既可以去掉f 加ves，也可以直接加s，如handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs(scarves)围巾。(3)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。例如：sons in law女婿；passers by 过路人；story tellers讲故事的人；grown ups 成年人；housewives家庭主妇。2 名词复数的不规则变化 childchildren，footfeet，toothteeth，mousemice,manmen,womanwomen 提示 由一个词加man 或woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是men 和women，如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German 不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans。3 集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如；people，police，cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle。4 有些名词单复数同形，如fish，deer，sheep，youth，Chinese，Japanese，means，species，series 等。5 有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等，如congratulations 祝贺，regards 问候，respects 敬意，thanks 谢谢，wishes 祝愿等。6 一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：make friends with 与交朋友，shake hands with.与握手，take measures 采取措施，make preparations for 为作准备，in high spirits 兴高采烈地。7 常考的不可数名词(1)表物质的不可数名词：baggage/luggage 行李，cash 现金，meat 肉，paper 纸张等。(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词：work 工作，knowledge 知识，luck 运气，scenery 风景，traffic 交通等。(3)永远不可数的重点名词：advice 建议，equipment 设备，fun 乐趣，furniture 家具，progress 进步，news/word 消息等。单句填空/单句改错。1 Later,he was charged with leaving twenty _(child)alone while the motor is running.解析：句意：后来，他被控告他把20 个孩子留在没有熄火的车上。根据设空前的twenty 可知该空用名词复数形式。2 Green is helpful to eyes.It also gives us strong bones and _(tooth)解析：句意：绿色食物对眼睛有好处，还能强健骨骼和牙齿。根据设空前的复数名词bones 可知该空用名词复数形式。children teeth 3 When I was a very young children,my father created a regular practice._ 解析：根据I 和冠词a 可以确定这里是指一个小孩，应用child。4 Mom has a full time job,but she has to do most of the houseworks._ 解析：housework 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。childrenchild houseworkshousework 5 As I told you last time,I made three new friend here._ 解析：根据名词friend 前的数词three 可知该处名词用复数形式。6 Mum taught me some basic step of baking._ 解析：step 是可数名词，根据修饰语some 可知step 应用复数形式。friendfriends stepsteps 1(2017 全国，66)Even _(bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.解析：考查固定表达。固定表达even worse 更糟糕的是。2(2017 浙江，60)Sixteen years _(early),Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.解析：考查副词的比较级。Sixteen years earlier 意为“早在16 年前”。worse 真题试做 二、形容词和副词earlier 3(2016 全国)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify(识别)those of _(great)and less importance.解析：句意：如果你因为工作职责而感到有压力的话，那么你应该退一步弄清哪些事情更重要，哪些事情不太重要。空后的and 连接两个并列成分，设空处应与less 并列，应用比较级，故填greater。greater 4(2014 全国)Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _(clean)than ever.解析：句意：最后，辛苦的工作得到了回报，现在河水比以前干净多了。根据句中比较级的标志词than 可知该空应用比较级，故填cleaner。5(2014 辽宁卷)The _(hard)you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit.解析：句意：你越想打败他，你就越可能被打倒。根据“the 比较级.，the 比较级.”句型可知填hard 的比较级harder。cleaner harder 1(2017 全国)In their spare time,they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden,which is on the rooftop of their house._ 解析：考查形容词。此处是be interested in 这个固定词组表示“对感兴趣”。interesting interested 2(2017 全国)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together._ 解析：考查副词。此处表示“早早的起床”，并没有比较的含义，不需要使用比较级。3(2016 全国)They were also the best and worse years in my life._ 解析：由the best and 可知此处应用形容词最高级worst。earlier early worseworst 1 在高考语法填空和短文改错中会涉及一些常见的、与派生词变化无关的基本形容词和副词的用法，如before，ago，many，much，ever，never 等。2 有些副词，如fortunately，luckily，surprisingly，honestly，actually，personally 等，作评注性状语，往往修饰整个句子，而且它们常位于句首，且有逗号与后面句子分开。把握这样的结构和用法特点，有助于快速解题。考点一形容词和副词的基本用法 核心突破 3 连接副词的用法(1)表转折：though(虽然；然而)；yet(然而)；instead(相反；代替)；otherwise(否则)；however(然而，其后常用逗号)(2)表递进：besides(另外)；moreover(而且)；still(仍然)(3)表结果：therefore/thus/consequently 因此(4)表让步：anyway/anyhow 无论如何 提示 注意however 是常考词，而且尤其要注意，所填空位于句首时，勿忘大写第一个字母！短文改错中可能会涉及对这些副词逻辑语意的考查。高考对形容词和副词比较等级的考查主要体现在两个方面：一是通过标志词than 或表比较意义的语境推出用比较级或最高级；二是考查一些固定结构中比较级和最高级的用法。考点二比较级、最高级的用法 1 等级用法的固定句型(1)同级比较：as 形容词/副词的原级as，其否定形式是“not as/so 形容词/副词的原级as”。(2)比较级结构：形容词/副词的比较级than，more/less 多音节或某些双音节的形容词或副词than。常见的修饰比较级的词有any，much，even，far，by far，a lot，a great deal 等。The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.这本书比我以前看的书有趣多了。(3)最高级结构：the 形容词的最高级(名词)比较范围(in/of/among 短语)，one of the 形容词的最高级名词复数。常用来修饰最高级的词有by far，almost，以及序数词等。Raymonds parents wanted him to have the best possible education.雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。2 比较级的常用句型(1)“比较级and 比较级”或“more and more 原级”表示“越来越”。Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive.假期的机票越来越便宜了。(2)“the 比较级.the 比较级.”表示“越，就越”。The more you listen and read，the better you write and speak.你听得越多、读得越多，你的写作和口语就越好。(3)the 比较级of(the)名词/代词“(两者中)较的”。Of the two cameras，I would prefer the smaller one,which is very easy for me to carry.这两个照相机，我喜欢较小的一个，它容易携带。3 比较级形式表达最高级的含义(1)“否定词语比较级”或“否定词语such/so.as”结构表示最高级含义。Your story is perfect；Ive never heard a better one before.你的故事太完美了，我从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义：比较级than any other 单数名词；比较级than all the other 复数名词；比较级than any of the other复数名词。The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than any of all the other rivers/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。4 倍数表达法 常见的倍数句型主要有：(1)A is 倍数比较级than B。(2)A is 倍数as 原级as B。(3)A is 倍数the 名词(size，length，height 等)of B。(4)the 名词(size，length，height 等)of A is 倍数that of B。(5)A is 倍数what 引导的名词性从句。Smoking is harmful to peoples health,killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents.吸烟有害健康，每年因抽烟而丧命的人是死于交通事故的7 倍多。单句填空/单句改错。1 The shopping center where he worked was the second _(big)one in Scotland.解析：句意：他工作的购物中心是苏格兰第二大购物中心。根据设空前的the second 可知该处用最高级。2 The dishes I cooked were Moms favoritest ones._ 解析：favorite 作形容词时表示最高级程度，没有比较级和最高级，故将favoritest 改为favorite。biggest favoritestfavorite 3 Was Tina upset because I had done well in the history test than her?_ 解析：句意：Tina 生气是因为我在历史测试中做得比她好吗？句中的than 是一个有效提示。4 She kept on turning back to see me until we couldnt see each other any long._ 解析：句意：她不停地回头看我直到我们再也看不到彼此。not.any longer/no longer 意为“不再”。wellbetter longlonger 5 When I was a very young child,my father created a regular practice I remember well years late._ 解析：late 是形容词“迟的”，或副词“迟地”；一段时间后面应该接later，表示“时间以后”，故late 改成later。latelater 高 考 模 拟