2023年大学英语四级信息匹配练习题.pdf
Definitionsof ObesityA)Howdoesonedefinewhena personis consideredto be obeseandnotjustsomewhatoverweight?Height-weighttablesgivean approximateguidelineas to whetheroneis simplyoverweightor haspassedintotheobesestage.B)TheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendsusinga formulathattakesintoaccounta personsheightandweight.TheBodyMassIndex(BMI)is calculatedby dividingthepersonsweightin kilogramsby thesquareof theirheightin meters,andis thusgivenin unitsof kg/m2.ABMI of 18.5-24.9is consideredto be thehealthiest.A BMI of between25and29.9is consideredto be overweight,whilea BMIof over30 isconsideredto be obese.C)However,it is recognizedthatthisdefinitionis limitedas it doesnottakeintoaccountsuchvariablesas age,genderandethnicorigin,thelatterbeingimportantas differentethnicgroupshaveverydifferentfatdistributions.Anothershortcomingis thatit is notapplicableto certainverymuscularpeoplesuchas athletesandbodybuilders,whocanalsohaveartificiallyhighBMIs.Agenciessuchas theNationalCholesterolEducationProgram(NCEP)in theUSAandtheInternationalDiabetesFoundation(IDF)arestartingto defineobesityin adultssimplyin termsof waistcircumference.HealthEffectsof ObesityD)Over2000yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrateswrotethatpersonswhoarenaturallyveryfatareaptto die earlierthanthosewhoareslender.Thisobservationremainsverytruetoday.Obesityhasamajorimpacton a personsphysical,socialandemotionalwell-being.Itincreasestheriskof developingdiabetesmellitustype2(matureonsetdiabetes)andalsomakesType2 diabetesmoredifficultto control.Thusweightlossimprovesthelevelsof bloodglucoseandbloodfats,andreducesbloodpressure.Theassociationbetweenobesityandcoronaryheartdiseaseis alsowell-known.CancerE)Furthermore,in 2001medicalresearchersestablisheda link betweenbeingoverweightandcertainformsof cancer,andestimatedthatnearly10,000Britonsperyeardevelopcanceras a resultof beingoverweight.Thisfigurewasmadeup of 5,893womenand3,220men,withthestrongestassociationsbeingwithbreastandcoloncancers.However,itis thoughtthatbeingoverweightmayalsoincreasetheriskof cancerinthereproductiveorgansforwomenandin theprostateglandformen.F)Thelinkbetweenbreastcancerandnutritionalstatusis thoughtto bedueto the steroidhormonesoestrogenandprogesterone,whichareproducedby theovaries,andgoverna womansmenstrualcycle.Researchershavefoundthatthemorea womaneats,or themoresedentaryherlifestyle,thehigheraretheconcentrationsofprogesterone.Thislinkcouldexplainwhywomenfromlessaffluentcountrieshavelowerratesof breastcancer.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendto eatlessfoodandto leadlifestyleswhichinvolvemoredailymovement.Thislowerstheirprogesteronelevel,resultinginlowerpredispositionto breastcancer.G)TheTimesnewspaper,in 2002reportedthatobesitywasthemainavoidablecauseof canceramongnon-smokersin theWesternworld!AgingH)Researchpublishedby St ThomasHospital,London,UK in 2005showeda correlationbetweenbodyfatandaging,to theextentthatbeingobeseadded8.8yearsto a womansbiologicalage.Theeffectwasexacerbatedby smoking,anda non-overweightwomanwhosmokes20cigarettesa dayfor20 yearsadded7.4yearsto theirbiologicalage.Thecombinationof beingobeseanda smokeraddedat leasttenyearsto awomansbiologicalage,andalthoughthestudyonlyinvolvedwomen,theleadresearcherProfessorTimSpectorbelievesthefindingwouldalsoapplyto men.I)Theagingeffectwasdeterminedby measuringthelengthoftelomeres,tinycapson theendsof chromosomes,whichhelpprotecttheDNA fromtheageingprocess.Indeed,telomereshavebeendubbedthechromosomalclockbecause,as an organismages,theybecomeprogressivelyshorter,andcanbe usedto determinetheageof theorganism.Beyonda certainpoint,thetelomerebecomesso shortthatitis nolongerableto preventtheDNA of thechromosomefromfallingapart.It is believedthatexcessbodyfat,andthechemicalspresentintobaccosmokereleasefreeradicalswhichtriggerinflammation.Inflammationcausestheproductionof whitebloodcellswhichincreasestherateof erosionof telomeres.DementiaJ)Recentresearch(2005)conductedin theUSAshowsthatobesityinmiddleageis linkedto an increasedriskof dementia,withobesepeoplein their40sbeing74%morelikelyto developdementiacomparedtothoseof normalweight.Forthosewhoaremerelyoverweight,thelifetimeriskof dementiariskwas35%higher.K)ScientistsfromtheAgingResearchCentreat theKarolinskaInstitutein Swedenhavebeenableto takeinformationsuchas age,numberofyearsin education,gender,bodymassindex,bloodpressurelevel,physicalactivityandgeneticfactors,assigningeacha riskscore.Theythenusedthisinformationto devisea predictivetestfordementia.Thistestwillenablepeopleat risk,forthefirsttime,to be ableto affectlifestylechangeswhichwillreducetheirriskof contractingdementia.OtherProblemsL)Theworld-wideupsurgein obesity,particularlyin children,is ofmajoreconomicconcern,liableto draineconomies.Of furtherconcernis thatresearchconductedin Australiaandpublishedin 2006,showsthatup to onethirdof breechpregnancieswereundetectedby thetraditionalpalpationexamination,thedangerbeinggreatestforthosewomenwhoareoverweightor obeseagrowingproportionof mothers.Thismeansthatsuchwomenarenotgettingthetreatmentrequiredtoturnthebabyaroundin timeforthebirth,andin manycasesrequireanemergencyCaesareansection.M)Thisis a truehealth-carecrisis,farbiggerthanSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)andultimately,evenbiggerthanAIDS.对应题目：1.Youcanjudgewhetheroneis simplyoverweightor haspassedintotheobesestageaccordingto theheight-weighttable.2.UsingtheBodyMassIndextodefinea personsweightidealislimited,becauseit doesnottakesintoaccountmanyvariablessuchasage,genderandethnicorigin.3.A personsemotionalwell-beingwouldbe affectedby obesity.4.Obesityhassomethingto do withcancerin theprostateglandforman.5.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendto havemuchlessbreastcancer.6.A non-overweightwomanwhosmokes20 cigarettesa dayfor20yearsadded7.4yearsto herbiologicalage.7.Theexcessbodyfat,likethechemicalspresentin tobaccosmoke,canleadto inflammation.8.Obesepeoplein middleagerunan increasedriskof dementia.9.Thepredictivetestfordementiawillhelppeopleto affectlifestylechangesthatwillreducetheirriskof contractingdementia.10.Theworld-wideupsurgein obesity,particularlyin children,willpossiblydraineconomies.参考答案：1.A2.C3.D4.E5.F6.H7.I8.J9.K10.L
