2023届高三英语二轮复习阅读理解之主旨大意题解题技巧分析讲义.docx

阅读理解之主旨大意题解题技巧分析及练习主旨大意题分两大类：大意类和标题类。主旨大意题分三小类：段落大意题、文章大意题和标题归纳题。类型一段落大意题一、常见设问方式What does the author tell us in Paragraph .?The main idea of the second paragraph probably is The first paragraph is mainly about.Which of the following can best summarize Para.l?What is the first paragraph mainly about?二、解题技巧 归纳段落大意的2种方法方法一、概括段落大意(1)总分主题句就在段首;(2)分总主题句就在段尾;(3)分总分主题句在段中;(4)总分总主题句在段首/段尾;段首段尾X首尾兼顾法 寻找主屋句广主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为 段中|引出主题)而丰有时没有主题句，概括需根据段落内容自己题句并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后 是平行关系，段落大意涉及两个平行的内容;(6)对比各事物的文章，段落大意是两个事物的共同点或不同点。方法2：揣摩段落大意 作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者。段首：主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)T段尾：主题句也常为段尾旬(结论或总结)【小试牛刀】1. （2020 全国 I D 32） The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.Q: What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.答案：D2. (2018 全国 II 32) We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.Whafs the problem? .It's more likely that none of us start a conversationQ: What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphones.B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service.答案：C类型二文章大意题一、提问方式What's the main idea/point of the passage?The passage is mainly about.The passage is mainly concerned about.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?In this passage the author discusses primarily.The subject discussed in this text is.The general/main idea of the passage is about.二、解题技巧各段落的主旨一整篇文章的主旨情况一：找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的 中心思想。情况二：有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，需要进一步加工概括。具体方法：浏览法(skimming)快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句一找主题句雌主题句的技巧：1 .段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2 .首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3 .作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4 .表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。略读法上在苛尾段落帘春美旬后史关系的关联词之后白勺内各4新闻报3M、仪论文和迎明文： 主胭T卷首段T 文体法 H 记叔文、以论文: 主题句一般在尾葭-概拈* |在文中出映频率较曲的壬题词而读者自己树括人应【小试牛刀】1. A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining.Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.Q: The passage is mainly about.A. the construction of a roadB. the design of a roadB. C. the construction of two railways D. the design of two tunnels 答案：D4. （2018 全国 I 31） Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit （联系）groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.Q: What is the main idea of the text?A. New languages will be created.B. People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.C. Human development results in fewer languages. D. Geography determines language evolution.答案：C类型三标题归纳题一、提问方式The best title of the passage is.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?What would be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is.二、解题技巧 （一）理解标题的三大特点1 .概括性准确而又简短;2 .针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符;3 .醒目性能引发读者的阅读欲望。（二）确定文章标题1 .正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2 .反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照, 一一排除不符选项；3 .研读、比较四个选项：研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等。概括性概括全文,体现主旨四大特性针对性新颖性荷短性立章标题解题方法主题词法T写作法内湖相荏范围一致新颖为特，吸弓目艮舂"名词短语，动名词短语装祈使句 断聿取义仅为文中一细节以偏概全、离题太远根据主题句，提炼主题词以此作标题，我应怎么写【小试牛刀】1. （2021 浙江卷 7 ）We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes9 walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen 一 any screen - and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organizations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate“ into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realized that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organizations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.“Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,“ David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be on habit for life/9 His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in fbr a while.Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.Q. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Let Children Have FunB. Young Children Need More Free TimeC. Market Nature to ChildrenD. David Bond: A Role Model for Children答案：C6. （2020 新高考 n 35） Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush （灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy （树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually touch those of another tree.To survive in the forest, animals must climb,jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75% of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually.Q:What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Life-Giving RainforestsB. The Law of JungleB. C. Animals in the AmazonD. Weather in Rainforests答案：A