国家开放大学学位英语词汇讲解.docx

国家开放大学学位英语词汇讲解 国家开放大学非英语专业学士学位英语统一考试大纲中关于词汇的要求试卷结构国家开放大学非英语专业学士学位英语统一考试为标准化英 语水平考试。试卷分为五大部分：交际用语、词语用法与语法结 构、阅读理解、完形填空和翻译。考试时间为120分钟。试卷满 分为100分。试卷整体结构见下表。序号题号1试题名称题量分值总分考试时间 ()1 -10交际用语1011010一11 -40词语用法与 语法结构3013025-二41 -55阅读理解153040四56-65完形填空1011015 五66-75翻译1022030 120合计75100二、词汇知识与运用能力认知4 000左右的单词，并熟练掌握其中的2 500左右的单词 及常用搭配；能在学习和实际工作中，理解和运用所学词汇及短 语知识。二、词语用法与语法结构该部分共30题，题目中50%为单词和短语的用法，50%为 语法结构。该部分要求考生从每题A、B、C、D四个选项中选出 最佳答案。该部分试题占试卷总分的30% ,建议答题时间为25 分钟。样题展示C. All right?!>. Pardon?9. 一 I'll Im, a«iny net a l»u«itM>A trip. U<mld mhi mnwl l«M»Ling iiflrr m < 4il?-all.A.、no time.B. Td rather not.C. rd like it.10. I'm lakiitg nn driving Irl.D. rd In* hoppy to.A. Chert*!C. (xwnr on!B. CongrHluUiom!I). (kmmI luck；二、词语用法与语法结构（30分，每聂1分）闽谣下面的句子，从A、H、C、D四个选项中选出能最佳选第，填入空白处。11. Ilrr Arlu-U i«in Iwr cIamm.A. the br*lB. ihr bHtrr C. betterI）. hn»l12. TlwI hrto Irani nw»rr alwMit glnhal Mjmiing.A. opportunity B. mkpt*aC. 41mbilinnI), rhanrrIS. 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Iu%r |>(4Jitr<l I), wrrr planted 英语词汇学习在英语学习中，单词的学习与记忆一直都是最令英语学习者头痛的问题之一。 美国语言学家卡纳尔(M.Canale)和斯温(M.Swain)曾指出，语言能力的培养 是交际能力培养中至关重要的一环，而词汇则是使交际得以进行的语言能力的核 心部分之一。要记住并正确使用一个英语单词，需从音、形、义等多个方面记忆 与思考。1976年出版的韦氏第三版新国际英语大辞典新词续编收录了该大辞典 1961年出版后出现的600()个新词。这些新词中有一半是人们为了适应社会新 的发展依据构词法造出来的：其中五分之二属“缀合”，五分之三为“合成可见， 英语构词法对英语的发展具有多么大的作用。构词的方法主要有四大类：前缀法、 后缀法、转化及合成。其中，前缀法和后缀法合成为“缀合” (affixation) o一般来说，前缀会改变单词的词义，后缀多改变单词的词性。在学位英语考 试中，后缀的考查涉及名词(n.)后缀、形容词(adj.)后缀和副词(adv.)后缀 等；前缀主要考查了否定前缀。同时，有些词缀可能涉及不止一种的词性变化。 一、后缀(一)名词后缀1.名词后缀-er、-or、-ar在行为动词后加后缀er、。八等，其词性变为名词，表示该动作的行为 主体。即： v. + -er / -or / -ar =n .例如： (I) (translate) A person who turns what someone has written into another language is called a translator.(2) (sing) I wish I will be a singer one day.其中，以后缀-er结尾的词居多，-or次之，相对较少，例如：beg (v.乞讨)beggar (n.乞丐)另外，虽然这些后缀添加后，大多指做该动作的人，但是，也不可一概而论，有 时指用来进行该动作的器具，如cook(V.烹饪)一 cooker (n.炊具)，而“厨 师”是与动词相同的cook来表达。2 .名词后缀-ment在动词之后加后缀ment,其词性变为名词，B|J： v.+-ment二n.例如：(1) (agree) Il took several months fbr the two companies to reach an agreement.(2) (establish) The establishment of People's Republic of China is on October lst» 1949.(3) (announce) The announcement came as no great surprise.3 .名词后缀-ion在动词之后加后缀-ion,其词性变为名词，即：v.+-ion=n.有时该词缀会变化为 -ation, 或-action,彳列Wl：(1) (connection) You must connectthe power before you leave the room. (2) (hesitate) I have no hesitation in recommending her for the job. (3) (discuss) We'd better postpone the discussion next week. (4) (decorate) I enjoy the decoration of the new house.(5) (satisfy) Tom's success in his career will be a greatsatisfaction to his family. (6) (prepare) We have made good preparations for the exam.4 .名词后缀-ance、-ence其一：在动词之后加后缀-ance,其词性变为名词，即：v. +ance = n.例如：(1) (attend) The attendance at the lectures on Americanliterature has dropped off. (2) (accept) Please confirm your acceptance of this offer in writing.其二：以-ant或-ent结尾的形容词，分别变为-ance和-ence,其词性变为名词：(1) (importance) It is important that the problem is worked out today.(2) (patient) He can't be a good teacher because he has no patience with children.5.名词后缀-y在形容词之后加后缀-y,其词性变为名词，即adj.+ -y = n.例如：(difficulty) I think Japanese grammar is much more difficult to learn than English grammar.类似的还有，-ity、-cy、-ibility等，例如：(1) (sincere) The priest was a man of deep sincerity.(2) (accurate) We worried about the accuracy of thereport.(3) (response) We appreciate working with him, becausehe has a good sense of responsibility.其中，最后一例给出的response是名词，意思是：“回答、回应”，而题目中需 要的也是名词，但其词义应是“责任感”，因此，这里实则是由response的同根 形容词responsible,将其后缀-ible变为-ibility得到的名词。(二)形容词后缀形容词后缀主要有名词转形容词和动词转形容词两大类。第一类为：名词转形容词。1 .形容词后缀-ful在名词之后加后缀-ful (充满)，其词性变为形容词，即：n.+-ful=adj.多与抽象名词构成形容词，例如：(1) (help) The local hot springs are very helpful for your wounded arm.(2) (use) .These book are useful for English learners.(3) (event) That was an eventful year.(4) (harm) These chemicals arc harmful to the environment.2 .形容词后缀-y在名词之后加后缀-y,其词性变为形容词，即：n.+-y=adj.也可与动词构成形容 词，表示“类似具有特征'等，例如：(1) (rain) Il is a rainy day, isn't it?(2) (sleep) She may be sleepy.(3) (luck) Mary is the lucky dog who gets the first prize.(4) (healthy) Give up smoking. Your health will improve soon.3 .形容词后缀ic、-ical有些外来词缀和外来词根结合构成的形容词，一般用于正式文体，如在名词之后加后缀-ic,或-ical,其词性变为形容词，即：n.+-ic/-ical=adj.表示“具有特点“，"与有关“，例如：(1) (romance) When I was young, I had romanticideasof becoming a writer. (2) (practice) This model of typewriter is efficient, economical and practical. (3) (technique) Both of the twin brothers are capable of doing technical work at present.4 .形容词后缀ly名词加后缀-ly,其词性变为形容词，表示特色，如：(friend) The local people are very friendly in our country.第二类为：动词转形容词。1 .形容词后缀-able：在动词之后加后缀-able,其词性变为形容词，即：v. +-able=adj.多表示被动语 态，例如： (1) (comfort) I want to rent a more comfortable room.(2) (believe) It is unbelievable that you have been 56 year old. You look much younger than that.2 .形容词后缀-ive在动词之后加后缀ive,其词性变为形容词，即：V. +-ive =adj.常表示主动语态， 例如：(act) He is always active in the class.3 .动词加-ed变化而来的过去分词，也可以充当形容词来用，表示"具有”， 例如：(delight) The mother was delighted to see his daughter.(inform) Please keep us informed of any developments.(三)副词后缀-ly在形容词之后加后缀ly,其词性变为副词，/y是形容词转副词最常用的后缀， 例如：(heavy) My husband used to smoke heavily, but he has given it up.(heavy) It began to rain heavily as soon as I got home.二、前缀各类词性都存在添加前缀的情况，与后缀常常改变单词的词性不同，前缀一般不 会改变单词的词性，而是会改变其词义。其中，在学位英语里，前缀的考查主要 集中在否定前缀上。常见的否定前缀有un-, in-, im-, dis.等，这些大多没有具 体规律可依循，需要学习者在实践中不断积累和记忆。例如：(just) The system is corrupt and unjust.(believe) It is unbelievable that you have been 56 year old. You look much younger than that.(connection) You must disconnect the power before you leave the room.三、辨析在后缀中，有些词缀可能涉及不止一种词性变化，这些要格外注意，例如：(一)后缀-y在单词之后添加后缀y,有的可使其词性变为名词，有的则变为形容词，具体如 下：1 .名词后缀将后缀-y加在形容词之后，其词性变为名词，即：adj. + -y=n.例如：(difficulty) I think Japanese grammar is such more difficult to learn that English grammar.2 .形容词后缀将后缀y加在名词之后，其词性变为形容词，即：n. + -y=adj.例如：(rain) It is a rainy day, isn't it?(healthy) Give up smoking. Your health will improve soon.(sleep) She may be sleepy.(luck) Mary is the lucky dog who gets the first prize.(二)后缀ly在单词之后添加后缀-ly,有的可使其词性变为形容词，有的则变为副词，具体 如下：1.形容词后缀将后缀-ly加在名词之后，其词性变为形容词，即：n. + -ly = adj.例如：(friend) The local people are very friendly in our country.2.副词后缀：将后缀-ly加在形容词之后，其词性变为副词，即：adj.+ -ly = adv.例如：(heavy) My husband used to smoke heavily, but he has given it up.(heavy) It began to rain heavily as soon as I got home.