初中英语2023中考语法知识讲解（倒装句+强调句）.docx

中考英语语法知识讲解一、倒装句（-*）倒装定义出于语法和修辞目的（强调，承上启下，平衡等）的需要，把谓语的一部分或全部句子的其 他成分放在主语之前，叫倒装语序。（二）倒装句的种类完全倒装提前部分+谓语动词+主语。部分倒装提前部分+助动词+主语+谓语相当于提前部分+一般疑问句。形式倒装只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。L部分倒装在现实的语言实践中，由于语法结构的要求，或是由于修辞的需要，往往要改变句子的自然 语序，把一些本应置于主语之后的句子成分提到主语之前，我们称这种语序的变化为“倒装语序: 下面我们就来看一下倒装句中的部分倒装。在出现以下情况时，需要使用部分倒装：情况一：only修饰的状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）位于句首；如：Only after three operations was he able to walk.做过三次手术之后，他才能行走。值得注意的是，当only修饰主语时，则不倒装。如：Only that girl knew how to work out the problem.只有那位女生知道怎样解斗道题。情况二：含有否定意义的副词（never, seldom, little, few, not, nowhere等）位于句首；如：Seldom in all my life have 1 met such a brave man.我一生很少见过这么勇敢的人。Little did he realize the danger he faced.他几乎没有认识到他面临的危险。情况三：so/neither/nor开头的句子，说明前面的内容也适用于后者时，用倒装句 “so/neither7nor+be/have/助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语”。如：John can't speak Japanese, nor can Helen.约翰不会讲日语，海伦也不会。情况四：not only. . . （but also）.位于句首引导两个分句时，前一个分句中的主谓要采用 部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。如：Not only does he teach in school, but he writes novels.他不但在学校教书，而且还写小说。2.全部倒装（一）there be 句型有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型，如：stand, lie, exist, live, remain, appear, come, happen, occur, rise 等。例句：Generally, there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.分析：该句是复合句，其中a belief与that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states互为同位语关系，形容词短语large enough to be.作定语修饰stateso译文：他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家，大到经济上可运行良好，并 由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。（二）表示方向、地点的状语等词置于句首here, there, up, down, away, in, out, off等位于句首时，往往主谓倒装。例句：Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.分析： 该句是复合句，which I heard at a nurses convention 和 which works well 共同 修饰story0译文：举个例子，在一次护士大会上，我听到了一个效果很理想的幽默故事，因为听众都对 医生持有相同的看法。（三）作表语的形容词或分词置于句首例句：Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.分析：该句是简单句，aged 75修饰an old man,作后置定语。译文：一位75岁高龄的老人躺在树下，已经不省人事。搞定英语倒装句三部曲步骤一：形容词性的词置于句首或介词短语和方位副词置于句首，后紧跟系动词可判定为倒 装。解析：形容词性的词在句中作定语和表语，而置于句首说明不是做后置定语，后紧跟系动词 也说明不做前置定语，因此只能是充当表语：介词短语和方位副词在句中充当状语和表语，后紧 跟系动词说明只能充当表语;介词短语和方位副词在句中充当状语和表语，后紧跟动词说明只能充 当表语。步骤二：V.-ing开头的句子，后紧跟复数系动词可判定为倒装。解析：V.-ing开头时，通过词本身很难判断出其词性为形容词或动名词，因此只能通过系动 词来判定。如果V.-ing为动名词，那么系动词就应该是单数，所以如果出现的是复数系动词的 话，可以判定为倒装。步骤三：V.-ing开头的句子，后紧跟单数系动词，后接名词性的词可以判定为倒装。解析：V.-ing开头时，系动词为单数，但如果后面是名词性的词，则可能是倒装也可能不是 倒装，比如：Playing basketball is an interesting game.（不是彳到装）Playing basketball is my cousin who is from the New York（倒装）如果我们把第一个句子倒装一下也不会产生歧义，符合英语习惯，因此我们就把单数系动词 加名词性的词统统判定为倒装。示例：例 1： Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals , sometimes easily recognizable as such , often distorted into gorgeous , weird , but always functional shapes .Surrounding开头，后接复数系动词可以判定为倒装；正常语序为：Three sepals and three petals , sometimes easily recognizable are surrounding the column.这里倒装的目 的是为 了平衡句子结构，使对于主语的修饰更加充分。译文：二个瓣片利二个萼片有时候是这样的容易被认出来，但是经常被扭曲成了美丽的、奇 怪的，但经常是有用的一些形状，这些瓣片和萼片就围绕着这个柱子展开。例 2： Most important , perhaps , was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity the technique and composition consistent with those of America，s first popular landscape artist , Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River为主语从句，在翻译的时候应先翻译冗长的主语从句。译文：他们几乎忠诚地在坚持着和美国第一个流行景观艺术家托马斯柯尔的技法和构图原则 一致的技法和原则，柯尔一直从事着描绘哈德逊两岸的Catskill山风景的事业。二、强调句一、受基本结构的影响将非强调句型误判为强调句型大家知道，英语强调句型的基本结构是it isthat，而不是it iswhen，所以有的 同学下题选择了 A。It was ten o' clock he came back.A. that B. whenC. soD. which其实此题最佳答案为B,这不是一个强调句型。when引导的是一个时间状语从句，全句意为 “当他回来时，时间是10点钟比较以下强调句型：It was at ten o' clock that he came back.他是 10 点钟回来的。It was after ten o' clock that he came back.他是在 10 点过后回来的。It was before ten o' clock that he came back.他是在 10 点前回来的。再比较：It is autumn when leaves fall.当树叶落的时候就是秋天了。It is in autumn that leaves fall.树在秋天落叶。另外，下面的句子也不是强调句型：1. It' s a long time I met you last.A. that B. sinceC. whenD. which2. It was more than a year now he had seen her.A. that B. sinceC. whenD. which3. “Was it here you were away talking to a friend?” "Sure， But when I got backthere, it was gone. ”A. that B. whileC. which D. where以上三题均选B,即前面两句填since,其意为“自从"；第3题填while,其意为“在 期间”。二、受疑问句式的影响将强调句型误判为非强调句型。如:1. When was that the general manager left for Japan?A. he B. itC. thatD. since答案选B,为强调句的特殊疑问句形式。可视为It was in May that the general left for Japan的特殊疑问句形式。2. “How was they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.A. it that B. he thatC. it whenD. he which答案选A,为强调句的特殊疑问句形式，其相应的陈述句形式为：It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.3. Who was it saved the drowning girl?A. since B. asC. thatD. he答案选C,被强调成分为who,该句实为类似It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式（即对其中的Tom提问而得）。4. What is it his daughter needs most?A. what B. whichC. thatD. if答案选C,被强调成分为what,该句实为类似It is a bike that his daughter needs most.这类强调句的特殊疑问句形式（即对其中的a bike提问而得）。三、受复杂结构的影响将强调句型误判为非强调句型。如：1. It might have been John bought a present for Mary yesterday.A. that B. whenC. whatD. which答案选A,为强调句型，只是其中的动词be采用了 might have been这一复杂结构。2. It was what he meant rather than what he said annoyed me.A. which B. as C. what D. that答案选D,为强调句型，被强调部分为what he meant rather than what he said,句意为 “让我生气的不是他说的话，而是他话中的意思:3. It was his nervousness in the interview probably lost him his job.A. which B. since C. thatD. what答案选C,为强调句型，被强调成分为his nervousness in the interview,句意为“很可 能是面试时表现出紧张，使他失去了这份工作”。4. It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what youare.A. one B. that C. whatD. it答案选B,为强调句型，被强调成分为the ability to do the job,句意为“重要的是你 做工作的能力，而不是你来自何地或你是从事什么工作的5. It was just in the room he was born he died.A. where, which B. that, that C. where, that D. which, that答案选C,为强调句型，被强调成分是in the room, where he was born为修饰the room 的定语从句。6. It was back home after the experiments.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn' t goC.not until midnight that he wentD.until midnight when he didn' t go答案选C,为notuntil句式的强调结构(it be not untilthat)句式的强调结构。7. It was with great joy he received the news his lost daughter had beenfound.A.because, when B. which, thatC. since, how D. that, that答案选D,第一空填that,构成强调句型，被强调成分为with great joy；第二空也填that, 用以引导同位语从句，修饰名词the newso8. I don' t know makes her afraid of having her business discussed.A. what it is about Mary that B. that is it abut Mary whatC. what is it about Mary thatD. that is about Mary what答案选A,在通常情况下，强调结构的特殊疑问句形式为“疑问词+is it that？”，但此题 强调的是宾语从句，其语序与陈述句相同，所以是what it四、受插入语的影响将强调句型误判为非强调句型。如：1. It was lack of money, not of effort, defeated their plan.A. whichB. as C. that D. what答案选C,为强调句型，被强调成分为lack of money, not of efforto由于句中插入了 not of effort这一成分，许多同学便看不出这是强调结构。2. It was because of English girlfriend, believe it or not, his English improved so greatly.A. which B. as C. that D. what答案选C,为强调句型，被强调成分为because of English girlfriendo由于句中插入了 believe it or not这一成分，致使许多同学误认为这是一个非限制性定语从句。五、受省略结构的影响将强调句型误判为非强调句型。如：“Who are making so much noise in the garden?” " the children. ”A. It is B. They are C. That isD. There are答案选 A,答语为强调句型 It is the children who are making so much noise 之省略。 六、因忽略句子结构而将强调句型误判为非强调句型。如：that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.A. It was we being lateB.It was our being lateC.It was we were too lateD.It was because we were late此题容易误选D,认为强调的是原因状语从句because we were late。但实际上，此题的答 案为B,强调的是句子主语our being late,此题若还原成非强调句，即为：Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.注意，强调句的一个显著特点是，若去掉强调 结构it is wasthat，句子仍然成立；换句话说，该结构中的it is wasthatthat 不能充当句子成分，而实际上句中的动词cause需要有自己的主语。