背诵文选全集.pdf

背诵文选全集01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall,andeveryone can see it.A composer writes a work,but no one canhear it until it is performed.Professional singers and playershave great responsibilities,for the composer is utterly dependenton them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous atraining to become a performer as a medical student needs tobecome a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique,formusicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athleteor a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day,as theirvocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscularsupport.String players practice moving the fingers of the lefthand up and down,while drawing the bow to and fro with theright arm-two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every noteperfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety,forthe notes are already there,waiting for them,and it is the pianotuners responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But theyhave their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string haveto be coaxed not to sound like percussion,and eachoverlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confrontsstudent conductors:they have to learn to know every note of themusic and how it should sound,and they have to aim atcontrolling these sounds with fanati cal but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musicalknowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are sothoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoyperforming works written in any century.02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is wherepeople go to get an education.Nevertheless,it has been said thattoday children interrupt their education to go to school.Thedistinction between schooling and education implied by thisremark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive thanschooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take placeanywhere,whether in the shower or in the job,whether in akitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning thattakes place in schools and the whole universe of informallearning.The agents of education can range from a reveredgrandparent to the people debating politics on the radio,from achild to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has acertain predictability,education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person todiscover how little is known of other religions.People areengaged in education from infancy on.Education,then,is avery broad,inclusive term.It is a lifelong process,a process thatstarts long before the start of school,and one that should be anintegral part of ones entire life.Schooling,on the other hand,is a specific,formalized process,件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country,children arrive at school atapproximately the same time,take assigned seats,are taught byan adult,use similar textbooks,do homework,take exams,andso on.The slices of reality that are to be learned,whether theyare the alphabet or an understanding of the working ofgovernment,have usually been limited by the boundaries of thesubject being taught.For example,high school students knowthat they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth aboutpolitical problems in their communities or what the newestfilmmakers are experimenting with.There are definiteconditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.03 The Definition of“Price”Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also themeans by which products and services that are in limited supplyare rationed among buyers.The price system of the UnitedStates is a complex network composed of the prices of all theproducts bought and sold in the economy as well as those of amyriad of services,including labor,professional,transportation,and public-utility services.Theinterrelationships of all these prices make up the“system”ofprices.The price of any particular product or service is linked toa broad,complicated system of prices in which everythingseems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals todefine“price”,many would reply that price is an amount ofmoney paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,in other words that price is the money values of a product or件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definitionis,of course,valid as far as it goes.For a completeunderstanding of a price in any particular transaction,muchmore than the amount of money involved must be known.Boththe buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only themoney amount,but with the amount and quality of the productor service to be exchanged,the time and place at which theexchange will take place and payment will be made,the form ofmoney to be used,the credit terms and discounts that apply tothe transaction,guarantees on the product or service,deliveryterms(交货期限),return privileges,and other factors.In otherwords,both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all thefactors that comprise the total“package”being exchanged forthe asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluatea given price（计算价，特定价）.04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used toelectric lights,radio,televisions,and telephones that it is hard toimagine what life would be like without them.When there is apower failure,people grope about in flickering candlelight,cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights toguide them,and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet,people began to understand how electricity works only alittle more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently beenexperimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists arediscovering more and more that the living world may hold manyinteresting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heartbeats,it sends out pulses of record;they form anelectrocardiogram,which a doctor can study to determine howwell the heart is working.The brain,too,sends out brain wavesof electricity,which can be recorded in anelectroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by mostliving cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitiveinstruments are needed to record them.But in some animals,certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electricalgenerators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.Whenlarge numbers of these cell are linked together,the effects canbe astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a joltof as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through thewater in which it live.(An electric house current is only onehundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells inthe electric eels body are specialized for generating electricity,and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughlyto length of its body.05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama inancient Greece.The one most widely accepted today is based onthe assumption that（假设）drama evolved from ritual.Theargument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning,humanbeings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonalchanges-as unpredictable,and they sought through variousmeans to control these unknown and feared powers.Those件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示measures which appeared to bring the desired results were thenretained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteriesof the rites（典礼、习俗）.As time passed some rituals wereabandoned,but the stories,later called myths,persisted andprovided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also arguethat those rites contained the seed of theater because music,dance,masks,and costumes were almost always used,furthermore,a suitable site（地点、场所）had to be providedfor performances and when the entire community did notparticipate,a clear division was usually made between theacting area and the auditorium.（观众席）In addition,there were performers,and,since considerable importance wasattached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites,religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks andcostumes,they often impersonated other people,animals,orsupernatural beings,and mimed the desired effect-success inhunt or battle,the coming rain,the revival（苏醒、复兴、复活、再生效、复苏）of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventuallysuch dramatic representations were separated from religiousactivities.Another theory traces the theaters origin from the humaninterest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about thehunt,war,or other feats)are gradually elaborated,at firstthrough the use of impersonation,action,and dialogue by anarrator and then through the assumption of each of the rolesby a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic orthat are imitation s of animal movements and sounds.06 Televisions Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of moderntechnologies,marked by rapid change and growth-is movinginto a new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication andversatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts,made possible by themarriage of television and computer technologies.The word television,derived from its Greek(tele:distant)andLatin (visio:sight)roots,can literally be interpreted as sightfrom a distance.Very simply put,it works in this way:througha sophisticated system of electronics,television provides thecapability of converting an image(focused on a specialphotoconductive plate within a camera)into electronicimpulses,which can be sent through a wire or cable.Theseimpulses,when fed into a receiver(television set),can then beelectronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system,however.It isa means of expression,as well as a vehicle for communication,and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other humanbeings.The field of television can be divided into two categoriesdetermined by its means of transmission.First,there isbroadcast television,which reaches the masses throughbroad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second,件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示there is nonbroadcast television,which provides for the needs ofindividuals or specific interest groups through controlledtransmission techniques.Traditionally,television has been a medium of the masses.Weare most familiar with broadcast television because it has beenwith us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to whatexists today.During those years,it has been controlled,for themost part,by the broadcast networks,ABC,NBC,and CBS,who have been the major purveyors of news,information,andentertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actuallyshaped not only television but our perception of it as well.Wehave come to look upon the picture tube as a source ofentertainment,placing our role in this dynamic medium as thepassive viewer.07 Andrew Carnegie（安德鲁 卡内基）Andrew Carnegie,known as the King of Steel,built the steelindustry in the United States,and,in the process,became one ofthe wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part fromhis ability to sell the product and in part from his policy ofexpanding during periods of economic decline,when most ofhis competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hardwork,but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use theirfortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity,preferring instead to provide educational opportunities thatwould allow others to help themselves.He who dies rich,diesdisgraced,he often said.件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are thosethat bear his name,including the Carnegie Institute ofPittsburgh,which has a library,a museum of fine arts,and amuseum of national history.He also founded a school oftechnology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace to promote understanding between nations,the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research,and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegies generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollarsestablished 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout thecountry and formed the nucleus of the public library system thatwe all enjoy today.08 American Revolution The American Revolution was not a sudden and violentoverturning of the political and social framework,such as lateroccurred in France and Russia,when both were alreadyindependent nations.Significant changes were ushered in,butthey were not breathtaking.What happened was acceleratedevolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflictitself people went on working and praying,marrying andplaying.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actualfighting,and many of the more isolated communities scarcelyknew that a war was on.件书写规则是错误的眉栏页码必须填写完整有错误应用红笔写注销二字并签名记录及时准确医学术语运用确切内容简士配合的是危重病人的抢救患者的管理医生交接班医生查房医疗技术的实施护士将长期医嘱进行转抄后须将红钩划在要继续执行的长期医嘱按原日期顺序抄录如有空格应给予保留重整医嘱由护士书写在最后项医嘱下面用红笔划线以示Americas War of Independence heralded the birth of threemodern nations.One was Canada,which received its first largeinflux of English-speaking population from the thousands ofloyalists who fled there from the United States.Another wasAustralia,which became a penal colony now that America wasno longer available for prisoners and debtors.The thirdnewcomer-the United States-based itself squarely onrepublican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as onemight suppose.In some states,notably Connecticut and RhodeIs