英语历年真题长难句解析.pdf

1.Actually,it isnt,because it assumes that there is an agreed accountof hum an rights,w hich is som ething the world does not have.【译文】事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。【析句】这是一个主从复合句，主语是it isn-t,省略了表语，完整的说法是it isnt a useful,ground-clearing way to start.because it assumes that there is an agreedaccount of human rights是一个表示原因的状语从句，其表语an agreed account ofhuman rights E艮了个定语从句 which is something the world doesn*t have。注意状语从句中的主语it指代上文的the question,it assumes意思是“这种问题（问法）是假定的”。【讲词】account 一词的iE确理解是翻译的关键。an agreed account of human rights意思是“an agreed understanding of human rights”。agreed 意为“一致的。This is the agreed price at which the stock will be traded.（这是股票交易的约定价格。）They met at the agreed tim e.（他们按约定时间见面。）2.Som e philosophers argue that rights exist only w ithin a socialcontract,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.【译文】有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。【析句】Some philosophers argue是句子的主干，宾语是一个从句，介词短语as partof an exchange of duties and entitlements 是 rights 的后置定语。【讲词】social contract意为“社会契约”，也可译为“民约论”或“社会契约论”，指社会成员之间或政府与人民之间确定和限制各自权利和义务的协议。duty意为“义务，职责”，与obligation和responsibility同义。obligation通常指特定原因而产生的具体限制，responsibility强调履行义务，duty指出于道德或伦理的考虑而受到的限制。entitle的基本意思是“给 题名，给.称号；给予.权利；使.有资格（做某事）I think she is entitled to praise.（我看她值得赞扬。）The book is entitled Natural Cancer Treatments.（这本书的名称是 癌症自然疗法。）The civil servants in our country are entitled to free medical care.（我彳门国家的公务员享受免费医疗。）而entitlements意为“权利”。3.1 1 leads the discussion to extrem es at the outset:it invites you tothink that animals should be treated either with the considerationhum ans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.【译文】这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。【析句】主句是 It leads the discussion to extremes,at the outset 作时间状语。冒号后面的成分是对主句进一步说明，其宾语是一个that引导的从句，而在这个从句中，either.or是一个介词短语，作方式状语。【讲词】consideration意为“体谅，考虑；需要考虑的事项。Your proposal is underconsideration.（你的提议正在考虑之中。）Face is a big considerationfor Chinese中国人非常重面子。）He showed no consideration for his w ife.（他从不体谅他的妻子。）extend 意为“延伸；延长；扩大；给予。The bank has promised to extend yourcompany credit.（银行已经答应向你们公司提供信用贷款。）The wet weatherextended into September.（潮湿阴雨的天气延续到九月份。）Please accept oursincere thanks for the courtesy extended to our company.（对我们一行所受到的礼遇，我们由衷表示谢意。）4.Arguing from the view that hum ans are different from anim alsin every relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lieoutside the area of moral choice.【译文】这类极端主义者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。【析句】现在分词结构（Arguing from the view that humans are different fromanimals in every relevant respect）作状语,主干结构是 extremists of thiskind think,宾语是一个从句。animals lie outside the area of moral choice直译是“动物是在道德选择的范畴之外”,即“对待动物无须考虑道德问题”O【讲词】respect作名词时除了“尊重”之外，还可表示“方面”，例如：In many respectsthis is an important decision.（这在许多方面都是一项重要的决定。）ln this respect,1would argue that this is the only decision which could have been made.（从这一方面来说，我认为这是唯一可作的决定。）5.When that happens,it is not a m istake:it is m ankinds instinct form oral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged ratherthan laughed at.【译文】这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。【析句】句子分两个部分，以冒号隔开。在前一部分中，主干是it is not a mistake,When that happens作时间状语。在后一部分中,it is mankinds instinct是主干结构,介词短语for moral reasoning in action 作 mankinds instinct 的后置定语,an instinctthat should be encouraged rather than laughed at mankinds instinct 的同位语，其中that引导了一个定语从句,修饰an instinct。【讲词】instinct意为“直 觉We sometimes act on instinct.（我们有时凭直觉行动。）Trust your instincts and do what you think is right相信你的直觉，按你自己认为对的去做。）reasoning 意为“推理His close reasoning gave fibre to his argument.（他严密的逻辑使他的论点强劲有力。）SuperKids has created a small collection of classicmind challenging games that focus on spatial reasoning.（“超级儿童”制作了小部分经典的智力游戏，考察空间推理能力。）6.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy,such as4steering the economy to a soft landing”or“a touch on the brakes”，makes it sound like a precise science.Nothing could be further from thetru th.【译文】很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济软着陆”，“触动经济刹车”，听起来像是一门精确的科学。事实远非如此。【析句】在第一个句子中,其主干为Much of the language.,makes it sound like。used to describe monetary policy 是用于修饰 language 的定语，后面的 such as4（steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes”对前面的language作进一步说明。第二个句子是一个简单句。【讲词】soft landing是一个经济术语，意为“软着陆”。Nothing could be further from the truth意思是“没有什么比这更远离事实”,即“事实远非如此”或“情况并非如此”。monetary与financial同义，意为“货币的；经济的”，但后者更涉及大规模金钱的交易。The monetary system of certain countries used to be based on gold.（某些国家的货币制度过去一直是金本位的。）7.This is no flash in the pan;over the past couple of years,inflation has been consistently low er than expected in Britain andAm erica.【译文】这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。【析句】这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。在第一句中，no可以用not a代替。在后一个句子中，inflation是主语，lower是谓语系动词的表语，thanexpected 和 in Britain and Am erica,以及前面的 over the past couple of years 都是介词短语作状语。【讲词】a flash in the pan 意为 昙花一现的人或事。Many people believe that theyoung singer is a flash in the pan.（许多人认为那位歌手红不了多久。）When I firstheard the news,I too dismissed it as a flash in the pan.（我一开始听到这个消息时,也认为这事长不了。）8.Econom ists have been particularly surprised by favourableinflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventionalm easures suggest that both econom ies,and especially Am ericas,havelittle productive slack.【译文】经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时候。【析句】这是一个主从复合句。主句的主干是Economists have been particularlysurprisedo在表示原因的状语从句中，其宾语从句中especially Americas economy是both economies的同位语。【讲词】conventional 意为”普 通 的,常 规 的a conventional church wedding（传统的教堂式婚礼），conventional symbols（常用的象征），a conventional form ofaddress（称呼的惯用形式），conventional weapons（常规武器）。slack可以作形容词、副词、名词和动词，其基本意思是“松懈；松地；减弱。a slack rope（一根未绷紧的绳子），slack muscles（松弛的肌肉），a slack worker（粗心大意的工人）。9.The m ost thrilling explanation is,unfortunately,a littledefective.So me economistsargue that powerful structural changes inthe world have upended the old econom ic models that were basedupon the historical link between growth and inflation.【译文】可惜的是，这最令人震惊的解释也有缺陷。一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。【析句】第一个句子相对比较简单。第二个句子的主干是Some economists argue,宾语是一个从句，而从句的宾语又跟了一个定语从句（that were based upon the historicallink between growth and inflation）,修饰the old economic modelSc【讲词】upend 一词山动词短语end up衍生而来，意为“结束，推翻。defective意为“有缺陷的；（智商或行为有）欠缺的”，或“有缺陷的人（物）He is defective in moral sense.（他不能分辨邪正。）His speech can only be described as defective.（他的演讲很有不妥之处。）10.u I s this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?”Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week.MYouhave sold your souls,but must you corrupt our nation and threaten ourchildren as well?”【译文】参议员罗伯特多尔上星期质问时代华纳公司高层人士时说：“难道这就是你们要成就的事业吗？你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子不成？”【析句】这是一个有直接引语的复杂句。首先抓住核心句Senator Robert Dole askedTime Warner executives last w eek,其前后是直接引语。这个直接引语的前半部分是一个一般疑问句，后面由两个转折关系的句子构成，由连词but连接。第二个分句中，but后面的句子是个般疑问句，由情态动词must引导，包括由and这个连词连接的两个并列部分（corrupt our nation threaten our children as well）。【讲词】corrupt意为“（使）腐败；腐烂；贿赂”，既可作动词也可作形容词。He was sentto prison for trying to corrupt a tax official with money.（他因企图向税务官员行贿而被判入狱。）You are corrupted at heart.（你心术不正。）The text was corruptedby careless copyists.（原文因抄写员粗心而有讹误。）1 1.I ts a self-exam ination that has,at various times,involved issuesof responsibility,creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.【译文】这只是在不同时期涉及责任、创作自由和公司底线问题的自我反省。【析句】这是一个有定语从句的复杂句。主干为It is a self-examination,that后面引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰self examination,定语从句的宾语是一个o f词组，跟着三个并列的名词短语，用来修饰和限定issues。at various times是插入语，作句子的状语。【讲词】bottom line意为“底价;底线。My bottom line is$3000.（我的底价是三千元。）The governments bottom line with regard to the trade issue has notchanged.（政府关于贸易争端的底线并没有发生变化。）corporate意为“公司的；社团的;法人的；共同的。They made a corporate effort to finish the jo b.（他们通过集体的共同努力完成这项工作。）corporate responsibility（共同责任或法人责任）。1 2.I n 1 992,when Tim e Warner was under fire for releasingIce-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer,Levin described rap as lawfulexpression of street culture,which deserves an outlet.【译文】1992年时代华纳公司因出品lceT乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲 警察杀手后备受谴责时，莱文说说唱音乐只是街头文化的合法表达方式，它应该有自己的宣泄途径。【析句】这是一个主从复合句，从句（when Time Warner was under fire for releasingIce-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer）表示时间;非限制性定语从句 which deserves anoutlet 修饰 street culture。【讲词】under fire意为“受到攻击;遭到抨击。The minister came under fire whenthe accident happened.（在事故发生后，那位部长遭到了抨击。）I was under firewhen the board reviewed my proposal.（在董事会讨论我的提案时，我遭到了批评。）13.The test of any democratic society,*he wrote in a WallStreet Journal colum n,*lies not in how well it can control expressionbut in w het her it gives freedom of thought and expression the w idestpossible latitude,how ever disputable or irritating the results m aysometimes be.We won*t retreat in the face of any threats.,【译文】他 在 华尔街日报一篇专栏文章中写道：“任何一个民主社会的考验不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达，而在于是否给予了人们最广泛的思考和表达的自由，无论有时这种结果会引起多大的争论和愤怒。我们不会在任何威胁面前退却。”【析句】引号里实际上包括两句话。第一句较难,其主干是The test.lies not in.but in,两个宾语，分别是 how well it can control expression 和 whether it gives.Iatitudehowever disputable.sometimes be 作句子的状语。【讲词】freedom of thought意为“思想的自由”,freedom of expression意为“表达的自由”或“自由表达”。in the face of 意为“面对。In the face of mounting opposition,the government withdrew its support for the plan.（面临越来越大的阻力，政府撤消了对这一计划的支持。）This flexibility is an essential advantage in the face ofchanging business requirements.（在商业要求发生变化之时，这种灵活的方式是一个必要的优势。）1 4.Levin would not com ment on the debate last week,but there weresigns that the chairm an w as backing off his hard line stand,at least tosome extent.【译文】莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论，但有迹象表明，这位董事长的强硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和。【析句】句子本身并不难，但是要正确理解某些词和词组。【讲词】back off 意为“后退”。Why Democrats backed off education budget?（为什么民主党在教育预算这个问题作出让步？）stand意为“立场”。She defended her standon the issue.（她为自己在这一问题上的立场进行了辩解。）extent意为“广度；宽度；长度；范围；程度”。to a certain extent（在一定程度上），to a great extent（在很大程度上），to some extent（在某种程度上），to such an extent that（到这样的程度竟然），to that extent（达到那样的程度），to the extent of（至ij.的程度），to theextent that（达 到 程 度）。1 5.During the discussion of rock singing verses at lastmonths stockholders meeting,Levin asserted that 14music is not thecause of society*s ills and even cited his son,a teacher in the Bronx,New York,who uses rap to com m unicate with students.【译文】在上个月的股东会议上，大家就摇滚乐的歌词进行了讨论。莱文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一名教师，用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流。【析句】句子的主干是 Levin asserted that.and even cited.o Duringthe discussion of rock singing verses at last month*s stockholders meeting 是表示时间的状语从句。music is not the cause of societys ills是直接引语，是动词asserted 的宾语。his son 是动词 cited 的宾语,后面的 a teacher in the Bronx,New York 是 his son 的同位语,who uses rap to communicate with students 是修饰his son的定语从句。【讲词】cite意为“引用;引证；提名表扬”。Its no use citing the Bible to anon-Christian.（对非基督徒引用 圣经 是没用的。）cite的名词形式是citation。He wasawarded with a citation for brawery.（他因勇敢而得到一次嘉奖。）1 6.The phrase usubstance abuse is often used instead of Udrugabuse”to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco canbe just as harmfully m isused as heroin and cocaine.【译文】他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。【析句】句子的主干是The phrase substance abuse”is often used,不 定 式（tomake clear that.）作目的状语。that后面跟了一个宾语从句作动词（make clear）的宾语。【讲词】make clear 意为“解释，说明。Hve made it clear that it simply is not true.（我已经清楚表明，这绝对不是真的。）The president made it clear what we wouldand would not do to resolve the situation.（总统表明为了解决问题,我们会做什么，不会做什么。）1 7.We live in a society in w hich the m edicinal and social useof substances（drugs）is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,acigarette for the nerves.【译文】我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。【析句】句子的主干就是We live in a society,后面是一个which引导的定语从句inwhich the medicinal and social use of substances（drugs）is pervasive,修饰societyo冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的substances。【讲词】pervasive 意为“普遍的。They discussed the pervasive roleof science,technology,and health in foreign policy.（他们讨论了科学、技术和卫生在外交政策中的普遍作用。）sociable意为“友善的，好交际的，促进友谊的。He was asociable character who loved to discuss politics and sport at the local p u b.（他是一个喜欢交际的人，喜爱在当地的酒吧里与人谈论政策和体育。）get going意为“出发,实行，使开动。I have to get going with my book.（我得看书了。或：我得写书了。）1 8.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with moreand more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,andthen by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when thesubstance is discontinued.【译文】依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。【析句】句子的主干结构是Dependence is markedo句中状语较长，注意and连接的两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系。【讲词】dependence在句中的意思是“对药物的依赖”,withdrawal意为“停止用药”。1 9.Psychoactive substances are com monly grouped according tow hether they are stim ulants,depressants,or hallucinogens.【译文】刺激神经类物质通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。【析句】这是一个简单句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are.groupedaccording to.o whether 弓|导宾语从句（whether they are stimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens）作介词 according to 的宾语。【讲词】group 作动词表示“分类。This article describes how files are groupedwhen you view them in folders.（这篇文章介绍在你浏览文件夹中的文档时，文档是怎么分类的。）20.To be fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canadaand Canadians,and should best be considered North Am erican.【译文】公平地讲，经常有人也这么说加拿大和加拿大人，因此这种现象最好被看作是一种北美现象。【析句】To be fair作全句的状语，主语是this observation,主语有两个谓语，一个是系动词 is,一个是 should best be consideredo21.Som eone traveling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill,often hadnowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.【译文】单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。【析句】这是一个简单句。Someone是句子的主语，现在分词短语（traveling alone）是其定语；if hungry,injured,or ill实际上是简略的由if引导的状语从句，相 当 于if（hewas）hungry,injured,or ill,这里作插入成分。【讲词】turn to意为“转向;变成；求助于；致力于；开始行动。If you quit dawdlingand just turn to,the cleaning will be done in a day.（如果你停止闲逛，马上开始工作，清洁工作一天就能做完。）He had to turn to his family for financial assistance.（他只得找家人给他提供经济援助。）2 2.lt was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely acharitable impulse on the part of the settlers.【译文】对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是一时的行善冲动。【析句】句子的主干结构是 It was not a matter of choice.or merely a charitableimpulseo注意表语山并列的两部分组成，山or来连接。【讲词】on the part of 在.方面，对.而言。This represents some sort offailure on the part of the government.（对于政府来说，这就是某种失败。）Nevertheless,this is not double standard on the part of people.（然而，对人民来说这不是双重标准。）impulse表示“刺激；冲动；推动力”。Respect for the liberty ofothers is not a natural impulse in most men.（对大多数人来说，尊重他人的自由并不是一种自然的本能。）She bought the dress on impulse.（她一时冲动买了这件衣服。）charitable意为“仁 慈 的;（为）慈善事业的;宽恕的。A charitable organizationcan never inherit from the estate of an individual who passes on without a will.（一个慈善组织永远也不能接受未立遗嘱的人所捐赠的财产。）23.The casual friendliness of many Am ericans should beinterpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of ahistorically developed cultural tradition.【译文】许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬，而应看作是种文化传统历史发展的结果。【析句】句子的主干结构是The casual friendliness should be interpretedo注意neithernorbut结构的使用，这种结构表示“既不是 也不是 而是.%重点在but之后。【讲词】casual 意为“轻松的，随意的。I only have a casual acquaintance withavant-garde m usic.（我对先锋派音乐略知一二。）He made a casual remark at thereception.（他在招待会上作了即席发言。）superficial意为“肤浅的。Only the mostsuperficial mind would assert nowadays that man is a reasonable creature.（如今只有最简单的头脑才会断言人是有理智的动物。）The manager made only a fewsuperfici