2023年中考英语复习动词语态相关知识点复习.docx

动词语态知识复习相关要点要点一：主动语态和被动语态的概念 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动 作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Many people speak English. （主动语态）English is spoken by many people. （被动语态）被动语态的构成：由于不及物动词不能带宾语，故无被动语态，只有及物动词或相当于 及物动词的动词短语才有被动语态，其基本构成方式是“助动词be+ 过去分词注意：“be+过去分词”结构不一定都是被动语态，有些动词（如be, feel, look, seem等）后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，用作表语表 示状态。如：My bike is broken.（我的自行车坏了。）The door is open. （门开了。）要点二：8种常用时态的被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称 和数的变化。（1） 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词。如：Rice is grown in south China.华南种植水稻。（2） 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：The glass was broken yesterday.这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：The project is being carried out.这个计划正在执行中。(4)过去进行时：was/were being +过去分词。如：This road was being built this time last year.这条路去年这个时候还在 修建。(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：The cars will be sent abroad by sea.这些汽车将由水路运往国外。(6)过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。(7)现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译 成了几种语言。(8)过去完在时：had been +过去分词。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。要点三：主动语态变被动语态的方法.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。1 .把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语 的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。2 .把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。 例如：1) All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2) They make the bikes in the factory. = The bikes are made by them in the factory.记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be 后“过分”来使用。要点四：英语中不用被动语态的几种情况.谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looked fine.他气色好。The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很好。1 .谓语为不及物动词(短语)时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end.战争终于爆发了。I happened to meet him there.我碰巧在哪儿见到了他。2 .宾语为不定式、动词的-ing形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、 爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：He decided to go with us.他决定跟我们一起去。I want to buy a computer.我想买一台电脑。3 .宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。 如：We should help each other.我们应该相互帮助。We live a happy life here.我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too much.他对自己想得太多。4 .宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the station in two hours.我们再过两个小时就会到站了。He has gone to London now.他去伦敦了。5 .谓语部分(动词与宾语)是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用 被动语态。如：The ship set sail this morning,这艘轮船今天早晨起航了。He saw the doctor yesterday evening.他昨天晚上看 了 医生。要点五：情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，结构为：般式：，情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need 等)+be+过 去分词完成式： 情态动词 (can,could,may,might,must,should,need 等) +have+been+过去 分词例句：Lost health may be replaced by temperance or medicine.失去的健康可以靠节制或药物而复得。This can be done by hand.这可以手工做。This mustn!t be neglected.这一点不可忽视。It needn't be mentioned in your talk.这一点你在谈话中不必提及。The environment should be improved.环境应当改善。The project might have been completed earlier.这项工程本可以早点完工的。Such a situation could have been changed.这种情况本可以改变的。They shouldn't have been told about the plan.这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。要点六：使用被动句时的注意事项.不及物动词无被动语态。eg.The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.1 .有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。这些动词主语以物居多，谓语 动词一般表示主语的性质和特征。这类动词有许多，如write, break, selld, etCo.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带 to ,但变为被动语态时，须加上to。eg.make somebody do something一somebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do something一somebody +be +seen to do something.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那 么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。eg.He gave me a book.一A book was given to me by him.2 .一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We can't laugh at him. 一He can't be laughed at by us.3 .一些表示状态的动词没有被动语态，如have, belong to, etc。要点七：谓语动词为双宾及物动词的被动语态一般把间接宾语（表示人）作为被动句的主语，而把直接宾语（表示物） 作为保留宾语。如果把直接宾语作为被动句的主语，则间接宾语作为 保留宾语，它的前面通常要用介词to或for'（视动词而定）。例如： My aunt gave me an apple. *1 was given an apple. / An apple was given to me. *有人给了我一只苹果。被动句中省略了 by my aunt。 His mother bought him a new coat, f *He was bought a new coat. / A new coat was bought for him. *有人给他买了 一件新大衣。被动句中省 略了 by his mother o 要点八：谓语动词为带复合宾语的及物动词的被动语态 例如：People usually call me Jim for short. -* I am usually called Jim for short. 我常常被人直呼吉姆。They asked Mike to write soon. Mike was asked to write soon. 迈克 被要求尽快写信。He made the baby laugh, f The baby was made to laugh （by him）. 那 个婴儿被（他）逗笑了。对于作宾补的不定式省略t。的情况，被动句 中需要加上to。在被动句中作主语补足语的不定式一律要带to,不论其作宾语补足语 时是否带t。（请见以上各例句）。要点九：短语动词的被动结构短语动词的被动结构是：S + V（被动式）+介词/副词（+ by短语）。例 如：We have sent for a doctor, f A doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请 医生了。I turned off the radio just now. f The radio was turned off just now. 收 音机刚才（被）关掉了。They are taking good care of the children, f The children are being taken good care of.孩子们正在受到良好的照顾。在将含有短语动词的主动句转换成被动句时，原短语动词中的介词或 副词（如以上句中的for, off, of）不能遗漏。要点十：英语中两类有用的被动句型It be +过去分词+that句型It is said that据说It is reported that据报导It is supposed that据推测It is hoped that希望It is well known that众所周知It is generally considered that普遍认为It is suggested that有人建议注：这类结构有的还可改用接不定式的形式来表达。如：It is said that he has been to Japan.据说他去过日本。He is said to have been to Japan.1. be +过去分词+to do结构The meeting is scheduled to take place next week. 会议定于下周举行。 All are supposed to come to the meeting on time,所有人都应该按时到 会。