01动词的时态-备战高考英语语法知识串讲与运用(版).docx
备战2023年高考英语语法知识串讲01动词的时态时态概览一般现在时主语+动词原形/第三人称单数时态结构一般过去时主语+动词过去式一般将来时主语+will/be going to do现在进行时主语+am/is/are+doing过去进行时主语+was/were+doing现在完成时主语+have/has+done过去完成时主语+had+donc现在完成进行时主语+have/has+been+doing知识清单一、一般现在时1 .概念:表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。经常性、习惯性动作。2 .标志词:often, sometimes, usually, always, occasionally 等和时间状语如 in the evening, at night, twice a month, on Sundays, every day/week/month/year,等。3 .结构:主语+动词原形/第三人称单数+其他4 .用法:(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态;They get up at five every morning.?他们每天早晨五点起床。(2)客观事实和普遍真理。The earth goes around the sun.(3)表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结 束、继续”等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车 等定期定点运行的交通方式。The next flight leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.下一趟航班今天下午3点起飞。How often does this shuttle bus run?这班车多久一趟?(4)在由 when, after, before, until, till, as soon as,等引导的时间状语从句或由 if, so/as long as, once, even if, although, whether,-or, in case, whatever, whenever, wherever 等引导的条件状语从句中,通常用一般现 在时代替一般将来时(主将从现)。When you finish the report, I will hand it to Mr Ma.等你完成这份报告的时候,我就把它交给马老师。二、一般过去时1 .概念:表示发生在过去的事情或存在的状态。2 .标志词:jusl now; a moment ago; ago; yesterday; last ( week; month; year; Monday; weekend); this morning o3 .结构:主语+be动词的过去式(was; were)或主语+动词的过去式。注意:be动词与动词过去式不可同时使用。如:He was able to speak English fluently.?他过去能流利地说英语。?Thc police stopped me on my way home last night.?昨晚在我回家的路上警察拦住了我。What did you do yesterday? I visited a museum.你昨天去干嘛了?我去参观博物馆了。问句有be动词将be动词移前,没有be动词借助于did,后面动词还原;注意:否定句有be动词在后面加not,没有借助于didn't后面动词还原。4 .一般过去时的基本用法:(1)通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。Toni phoned you a moment ago.I got up at seven this morning.(2)还可以表示刚刚发生的事情而没说明时间。Did the telephone ring?Who left the window open?(3)也可以表示过去的习惯性动作。.My grandfather smoked 40 cigarettes a day (ill he gave up.三、一般将来时概念:一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态,或将来经常发生的动作或状态。标志: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in the future, in a year?等结构:1. will/shall+动词原形will在陈述句中用于各种人称;shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。否定式:will not=won't; shall not=shan't一般疑问式:will/shall+主语+动词原形+其他?特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式?He will get married.?他要结婚了。Oil and water will not mix.油和水没法混在一起。一Will he help you with your English tonight?今天晚上他会帮助你学习英语吗?一wilL/NowilL/No, he won't.是的,他会。/不,他不会。一When will you arrive for America?你什么时候去美国?Tomorrow.明天。2. am/is/are going to +动词原形否定式:am/is/are not going (o +动词原形一般疑问式:am/is/are +主语+ going to +动词原形+其他?特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式?He is going to spend his holidays in London.他打算在伦敦度假。Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。Is he going to collect any data for us?他会帮我们收集数据吗?What are you going to do tomorrow?明天你打算作什么?辨析be going to和will的区别如下be going towill表示近期、眼下就要发生的事表示的将来时间较远一些根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情客观上将来势必发生的事情有计划,有准备未经考虑的打算四、现在进行时1 .概念:(1)表示(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。?Linda's brother is watching TV in his bedroom now.?现在,琳达的哥哥正在他的卧室里看电视。(2)也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。?Thcsc days wc arc helping the farmers work on the farm.?这些天我们在农场帮农民们干活。2 .标志: now, at the moment, this moment, these days, this week, listen 等3 .谓语构成:he (am/ is/ are) + v-ing (动词的现在分词)I'm watching TV now.They're playing football.4 .现在分词的构成。(1)一般情况下在动词词尾加ing。go-*going ask -*asking looklooking(2)以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e加ing。have -*having take-*taking make-*making write-* writing(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再加-ing。get-*getting sit-*sitting put-*putting run-*runningswim-*swimming bin-*binning shop-*shopping5 .现在进行时态的肯定式、否定式、疑问式及简略回答。(1) 肯定式:be+v-ing She is singing in the next room.(2) 否定式:be+not+v-ing The students aren't cleaning the room.(3) 一般问句:be动词提前。肯定答语Yes,主语+be,否定答语No,主语+ benot。Arc you playing the computer game? Yes, 1 am. /No, 1 am not.(4)特殊问句:对谓语动词进行提问的:What+be +主语+doing +其他?What is the old man doing under the tree?对其他成份进行提问的,疑问词+一般疑问句?Where is the boy swimming?Who is she wailing for?6 .当现在进行时与always, forever, continually, constantly等副词连用时表示说话者的情感,例如赞 赏、抱怨等。例如:?The students are making progress constantly.?学生们在不断进步。(赞赏)?Shc is always changing her mind.?她老是改变注意。(抱怨)五、过去进行时1.概念:?表示过去在某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作或状态:?过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。2. 常见时间状语 this morning, the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while ,at that time,.just now, a moment ago, the day before yesterday3基本用法:1) .过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如:He fell asleep when he was reading.他看书时睡着 了。?Whcn I saw him he was decorating his room.?当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。2) .过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感 情色彩,也通常与always, forever, continually等副词连用。如:They were always quarrelling.他们老是吵架。4.构成1 .过去进行时由“主语was/were现在分词”构成例如:We were having supper when (he phone rang.我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。2 .过去进行时的否定式由“was/were no【现在分词”构成伊ij如:This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his b汰e.昨天这个时候,杰克不是在看电 视,而是在修理自行车?3 .过去进行时的疑问式由“was/were主语现在分词”构成例如:Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon?昨天下午四点你们在打篮球吗?What was he researching all day last Sunday?上周 口他一整天都在研究什么?六、现在完成时1.概念:1)?表示在过去某一时刻前完成了的动作;2)?过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响;2 . 标志:already, yet, ever, just, never, before, since?等.基本结构肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他一般疑问句:Havc/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)4用法(1)现在完成时用来表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。I have already posted the photo.我已经邮寄出了照片。与此种用法连用的时间状语时一些模糊的过去时间状语,如already (肯定句句中),yet (否定句/疑问句句 尾),just, before, recently,still, lately,never 等。(2)现在完成时也可用来表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻,持续到现在并且有可能会继续持续下去。He has lived here since 2018.自从2018年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于2018年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)此种用法常与for (+时间段),since (+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。七、过去完成时1 .概念:过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作,对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果,用来指 在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。2 .标志: by (he end of last term, by the time, by the time of last year 等3 .结构:主语+had+done+其他By nine o' clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.?到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。?I had been a( the bus slop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.?当车来的时候,我在车站已等了 20分钟。八、现在完成进行时L?概念?表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。2. ?标志?already, yet, ever, just, never, before, since?等?结构?主语+havc/has+becn+doing+其他?例句?It has been raining for two hours.(现在还在下)Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.?中国有2000年的造纸历史。3. ?注意?doing的动词必须是持续性动词They have bcen?living?in this city fbr ten years.?(正)类型例子持续性动词表示持续的行为或状态的动词keep, live, stay短暂性动词表示瞬间性的动词die, leave, becomeHe has been?dying?for two months.?(误)要注意现在完成时是该动作可能持续下去,而现在完成进行时则是该动作一定会持续下去。