2019年英语语法总结.docx

做题方法总结.Basic grammar errors :无须对比选项，出现就可以判定为错！1. SV主干A.主干存在B.主谓一致C.主干make sense ,就是看这个动作能不能是主语发出来的，比如桌子不能 see这个动作2.V动词A.时态在没有时态提示词的情况，尽量选择和主句时态一致的选项；若没有一样的时态, 这两个时态覆盖的时态点有重合注意：时态提示词有很多种，一单单是since, for之类的，有些动词，句子意 思就是提示词。比如大猩猩存在.这是个客观事实Begin就不能是进行时态,他是瞬间动作过去完成时要发生在过去的过去，而且两个动作是必须有关系的，比如先 destroyed 后才能 happen changescompany announced that the average price of next year's cars and trucks would decrease about $72, less by four-tenths of one percent.(E) Contrasted with comparably equipped cars and trucks of this year; the automobile company announced that the average price of next year's models would decrease about $72, or four-tenths of one percent5.修饰语A.夹心修饰V-ed, V-ing, SVO-此时v-ing造成夹心修饰V-ing, V-ed, SVO-此时v-ed造成夹心修饰注：V-ed放在句尾可以是修饰主语 的L Originally developed for directing air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destorying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaelogy, and criminology.(A) Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it,Orignially developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission - V-ed,V-ing, SVOA technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it -S modifier, V-ed，-此时V-ed修饰歧义(B) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray emission, which has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost anyA technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants and has the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance quickly and without destroying the substance, called proton-induced X-ray emissionV-ed/V-ing，介短SVO-此时介短都会造成夹心修饰，这个介短应该是时间 或者空间的，因为是动词修饰语，所以向前可以向后也可以V-ed/V-ing ,介短,SVO介短，介短，SVO1. Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.A. in Englandlife insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters andtheir clients, typically being- V-ed ,介短SVOB. life insurance had remained until the end of theseventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters-with-their clients, who typically were V-ed ,介短SVOuntil the end of the seventeenth centurylife insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically- V-ed ,介短SVOC. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallylife insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract betweenindividual underwriterswrth their clients, who typically were从句，介短SVO一这个介短应该是时间或者空间的或者with （伴随只要是名 词就可以）从句，介短，SVOWhenthe Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770zfef at least two decades previously he was he most admired painter in Italy.结论:in the case of an initial subject-less modifier in front of a comma, the modifier should always be followed IMMEDIATELY by the noun / noun phrase that's being modifiedModifier , S才是正确的，在这中间任何的插入，错！Modifier,ModifierSubject一错！B. 一定错的结构AOFB OFC<Subject> , <Modifier>f<Modifier> , vverb>一错！注意：表时间或者表地点的这些介短即可以修饰名词还可以修饰动词，所以一旦 Egl .The organic food industry has organizeda successful grassroots campaig n-using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailingsthat have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.A. using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailingsthat have convincedusing Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailingsthat has convincedGbousing Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-mby the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well asmassmailingsthat convincedwhichused Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings-frconvincing这种破折号就当他不存在，此时介短in doing动作发出者不明，可以是industry ,也可以是campaign ,还可以是整个句子2. Laos has a land areaabout the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.A. about the same as Gfea-B4ta+R-but only 4 million in population, where manyof about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only 4 million, and manyB. that is about the same size as Great Britain's land area, but m-Laes with a population of only 4 million people, many of themcomparable to the size of Great Britain, but only 4 million in population, and manyC. comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whomC中的but之后，inwith正确选项就没有这个介短还有withIn 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities begafi-publishing Shopping for a Better World, with the simple thesis of consumers having the power te change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.A. with the simple thesis efconsumers havingwhich had the simple thesis ef consumers havingB. where the thesis was simple: consumers havingwitha thesis that is a simple one: consumers haveC. whose thesis was simple: consumers have将介词换成了冒号C.同位语Comma+副词比较级-注意此时结尾处的同位语是修饰前面主句的动作1. n.+n. modifier可以修饰前面句子的任何名词或整句话hown. modifier -介短/形容词短语/some /each of which -只能就近修饰 comma前面的名词The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both datingback at least a thousand years.A. both dating一时态与主句一致both of which have dated时态错误B. and each has datedandeach one datingC. each one of which date简洁性消除重复1 .逻辑含义重复的词Egl. For at least two decades or more previous t。when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he was the most admired painter in Italy.A. For at least two decades-ewTOFe-previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he wasFor at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had beenB. For at leasttwo decades or more before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's dymg in 1770, he had beenWhenthe Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, for at least two decades previously he wasC. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770z having beenfor at least two decades before thatAt least和 or more重复Whereasthe honeybee' s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger; it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is thepefofe able to be pulled out and usedthe comparative smoothnessof the yellow jacket' s stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use itB. the yellow jacket s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and usedin comparison, the yellow jacket' s stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and usedC. +R-eempa4seFi7 the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowingit to be pulled out and usedwhereas和 in comparisonD. amongthemthethreat of arival7 smultibillion-dollarpatent-infringement suit and the decline in sales ofamongthesethethreat from arival' smultibillion-dollarpatent-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales foramong them 和include 语义重复4. A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program, per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as in the nation as a whole.只要开头是非主语，一定是修饰逗号后面的第一个词！(A) per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs annually per person to about 60, a drop more than twice as great asannual per capita consumption of cigarettes in California declined from over 125 packs to about 60, more than twice as great as that(B) California's annual per capita consumption of cigarettes declined from over 125 packs per person to about 60, more than twice as great as the dropCalifornia has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a dropmore than twice as great as that(C) California has seen annual per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs per person to about 60, more than twice as great as thatper capita和per person5. It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, mry be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other at close range.(A) maybe caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each othermay be caused by the interaction between two stars that each orbit the other(B) are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit each otherare caused by the interaction of two stars where each is orbiting the other(C) are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each otherLikely 和 may2.主语重复1. Often major economic shifts are so gradual as t。be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.A. so gradual as to be indistinguishableso gradual-se-that they can be indistinguishable有一道题例外:earlier in the year介词修饰语联排According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many ha舟feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a -soft landingj| followed by a gradual increase in business activity. that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come *Hin the economy to avoid the recession, what many feared earlier in the year; rather to come in the economy' s ability to avoid the recession, something 二. earlier in the year many had feared, and instead to comeHin the economy to avoid the recession many were fearing earlier in the year; and rather to come that the economy will avoid the recession that was feared mumu .if earlier this year by many, with it instead comingGM ATA 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount ofphosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had beendumping(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed todump(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed todump(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalitiesso gradual that they are unableto be distinguishedC. gradual Lnoughnot to be distinguishablegradual enough sothat one cannot distinguish themA be so+ adj. that A be主语重复不如词组 A be so+ adj. as to二.一定要对比选项才发现的错误种类归集.表示逻辑关系的介词A.动静态之分Atfinfoffon静态Tof ontof into, upto, forf fromf off,up动态Eg. Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs has beer dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus is evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.A. has been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus ishas been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thusB. have been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus arehave been dated as being 3.47 billion years old and thusC. have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus areB.介词的本源含义 of VS. from ; by VS. to ; to do VS. for doing ;1. Section 301 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act enables the United States Trade Representative to single out a country as an unfair trader, begin trade negotiations with that country, and, if the negotiations do not conclude by the United States government's being satisfied, to impose sanctions.A. by the United States government's being satisfied, to imposeby the United States government's satisfaction, imposeB. with the United States government's being satisfied, imposingto the United States government's satisfaction, imposeC. to the United States government's satisfaction, imposing.长得像语义完全不同的词Economic VS. economical （节省的）;unqualified （无限制的）VS. unqualifying （不合格的）;aggravate恶化 v. aggravatingannoying T商人的 adj.;account n.故事 account for解释二二 be responsible for;rate of - a measure 比率 Rate for - price charged for;A as a mean to BA 是达到 B 的一种 method A as a mean of BA 是 B的一种typeMost of A大多数mostly主要地；一般Substitute A for B 代替 substitution 置换一抽象名词，是一个 processAllow that承认allow sb. To do允许某人做某事In isolation from修饰动词be isolated from可做谓语动词Payment不能被paid只能被made钱才是被paidEspecially强调严重性；sped ally强调特殊性.指代高分题选择指代错误最少的那个将代词放在更后面，指代错误更多1. that能指代的东西比it更多，that可以指代整句话one比it能指代的更多，可以指代人Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century becuase they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.a） if they did not hold itztheir grip on Algeria was always insecurewithout it their grip on Algeria would never be secureb） their grip on Algeria wasnot （副词）ever（副词）secure if they did not hold itwithout that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeriac） never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it.not 可以否定 ever 或 secure所以一直都是用的never而不用not ever名词一定大于代词的使用，但是要对比选项看，那个用名词的选项没有其他的 basic grammar errorsA proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses after their horns are trimmed.A) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses after their horns arewhether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see one once their horns areB) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals' horns have beenif tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses once the animals1 horns areC) if tourists will continue to visit game parks to see one after the animals' horns have beenAB中的their有指代歧义，而C用的名词，显然更好Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if ithas worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.A. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of i