兽医药理学:8章 作用于生殖系统的药物.docx
第八章作用于生殖系统的药物Drugs acting on the the reproductive system*哺乳动物的生殖受神经和体液双重调节。机体内外的刺激,通过感受器产生的神经冲动, 传到下丘脑,引起促性腺激素释放激素分泌;释放激素经下丘脑的门静脉系统运至垂体前 叶,导致促性腺激素释放;促性腺激素经血液循环到达性腺,调节性腺的机能,使性腺分 泌相应的激素(如雌激素、孕激素、雄激素等)。* 性腺分泌的激素称为性激素体液调节机制体液调节存在着相互制约的反馈调节机制,即血液中某种生殖激素的水平升高或降 低,反过来对它的上级激素的分泌起抑制或促进作用。促使分泌减少的反馈调节称为负反馈;促使分泌增多的反馈调节称为正反馈。当性激素增加到一定水平时,又可通过负反馈作用,使释放激素和促性腺激素的分泌 减少。当生殖激素分泌不足或过多时、使机体的激素系统发生紊乱,引发产科疾病或繁殖障 碍。需使用药物进行治疗或调节。* 对生殖系统用药,在于提高或抑制繁殖力,调节繁殖进程,增强抗病能力等。* 所用药物有:1、生殖激素类(性激素、促性腺激素、促性腺激素释放激素)2、催产素类(缩宫素和垂体后叶激素、麦角新碱等)3、肾上腺素能受体激动剂(二甲苯胺曝嗪、克伦特罗等)4、前列腺素类(氯前列烯醇、氟前列醇等)5、多巴胺受体激动剂(浪隐停)火生殖系统用药 (regulating or controlling the reproductive system):生殖激素类药物、催产素类肾上腺素能激动剂卜提高或抑制繁殖力,调节繁殖进程,增强抗病力前列腺素类(兴奋子宫,催产催产)多巴胺受体激动剂(抑制催乳素)第一节生殖激素类药物Gonadal steroids (性激素)Gonadotropins (促性腺激素)Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH,促性腺激素释放激素)一、Gonadal steroids 性激素1.雌激素雌二醇(Estradiol):天然激素,人工合成己烯雌酚已禁用*药理作用:-for gonad (生殖器官):促进性器官形成;促进子宫生长;增强子宫收缩力*对末成年母畜,促进性器官形成及第二性征发育对成年母畜,除维持第二性征外,还促进输卵管的肌肉和黏膜生长发育。促进子宫及其 黏膜生长、血管增生扩张,促使黏膜腺体增生* 增强子宫的收缩活动,此作用可被催产素进一步加强,而被孕激素抑制。还可使子宫颈 周围的结缔组织松软,子宫颈口松弛。* 对公畜应用后,产生对抗雄激素的作用,抑制第二性征发育,降低性欲。f induction of fertile estrus(发情):生殖器官血管增生和腺体分泌一刺激乳房发育一可增强食欲,促进蛋白质合成(作为饲料添加剂),但由于肉品中残留的雌激素对人体 有致癌作用,并危害儿童及末成年人的生长发育,所以禁用雌激素类药物作饲料添加剂 和皮下埋植剂*应用:.fused in dogs, cows for induction of fertile estrus(发情)一治疗前列腺肥大,老年犬或阉割犬的尿失禁:有助于血管内液体移至细胞外间隙形成水 肿,而血浆容量下降则引起肾脏代偿性水'钠潴留一少尿一用于前列腺瘤和直肠瘤:抑制垂体促性腺激素分泌一抑制雄激素产生一肿瘤病灶退化 一治疗胎衣不下,排出死胎和子宫内的炎性物质。配合催产素可用于分娩时子宫肌无力 一母畜性器官发育不全,雌犬过度发情,假孕犬的乳房胀痛等一诱导泌乳* Adverse effectfbone marrow suppression and potentially fatal aplastic anemia (再生障碍性贫 血)in dogs and cats;f its use is also associated with development of cystic (囊性)endometrial (子 宫内膜)hyperplasia(增生) in dogs and cats,fand it may have teratogenic (畸形)effects in pregnant animals.2 .孕激素Progesterone(孕酮,黄体酮):是卵巢排卵后形成的黄体所分泌的激素。现多为人工 合成。*药理作用一对子宫:促使子宫内膜增生,供受精卵和胚胎早期发育之需,抑制子宫收缩,安胎,使 子宫颈口关闭,分泌粘稠液,阻止精子通过,防止病原侵入。一对卵巢: inhibit the release of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Gonadotropins (促性腺激素),suppress estrus 和排卵一对乳腺:刺激乳腺腺泡的生长火应用一治疗习惯性或先兆性流产,尤其是非感染性因素引起的流产和怀孕早期黄体机能不足所 致的流产一母畜同期发情:注射孕H、阴道放置孕酮海绵/内服合成的孕H类药一段时间(9T4d) 一抑制早卵泡的发育和排卵一人为地延长黄体期,停药一动物同时分泌促性腺激素,促 进卵泡生长和动物发情一抑制发情.甲孕酮(Medroxyprogesterone)*又名安宫黄体酮大作用与黄体酮相似* 服有效*主要用于猫去势不成功引起的性别二态行为问题的治疗:如游荡、攻击雄性猫,尿频等火也用作安定药治疗猫的精神性皮炎脱毛和犬猫妊娠性皮炎4. Androgen drug 雄激素Testosterone (睾酮,natural androgen )Methyl testosterone (甲基睾丸素)Testosterone propionate (丙酸睾丸素)Nandrolone phenylpropionate ( 苯丙酸诺龙)Methyl testosterone (甲基睾丸素)*药理作用:一对生殖系统的作用:促进雄性器官发育,促进精子产生与成熟(大剂量抑制精子生成); 对抗雌激素,抑制母畜发情一同化作用:促进蛋白质合成代谢(同化作用),减少蛋白质分解代谢(异化作用)肌肉 发达,骨质致密,体重增加。一兴奋骨髓造血功能:促进红细胞生成-促进免疫球蛋白,增强免疫力;水钠潴留*应用:.一雄性动物诱导发情,隐睾症f 雌性:used for estrus suppression in female dogs,抑制母犬、猫发情一促生长,现不用testosterone propionate 丙酸睾丸素,Nandrolone pheny 1 propionate 苯丙酸诺龙一同化激素类药物(anabolic steroids)特点:雄激素活性减弱,同化作用保留或增加一蛋白同化剂, anabolic (合成代谢)effects in convalescing (恢复)or athletic (运动)animalso用于治疗组织分解旺盛的疾病如严重寄生虫病、犬瘟热,也用于组织修复(术后)、体弱动物的恢复等。-禁用于促进食品动物的生长。二、Gonadotropins (促性腺激素)是指由垂体前叶和胎盘所分泌的一类直接调控性腺留体激素分泌的糖蛋白质激素。Follicle-stimulating hormone (卵泡刺激素,FSH):-Luteinizing-hormone (黄体生成素,LH)Extracted from animal pituitary (垂体)glandsPregnant Mare Serum gonadotropin (孕马血清促性腺激素,PMSG)f Human chorionic (绒毛膜)gonadotropin(HCG):尿,胎盘卵泡刺激素(FSH)大药理作用:一母畜:刺激卵泡颗粒细胞增生和膜层的生长发育;与黄体生成素合用,促进卵泡成熟和 排卵,使卵泡内膜分泌雌激素。一公畜:促进生精上皮发育和精子生成。*应用:used for superovulation (超数排卵)of several domestic species:提高产仔率。f用于犬猫卵巢机能不全、持久黄体,application in induction of fertile estrus in bitches (母狗),使发情和排卵。一提高雄性犬猫的精子密度luteinizing-hormone(LH)*药理作用一母畜:与FSH协同促进卵泡成熟分泌雌激素、排卵,促进黄体细胞的发育并分泌孕激素, 形成黄体,保胎一公畜:促进睾丸间质细胞分泌睾丸酮,提高性兴奋,与FSH协同促进精子生成。火应用:fused for the treatment of ovarian (卵巢)cysts (囊肿)in cattle or dogs,早 期胚胎死亡、排卵障碍或不孕f induction of ovulation,治疗公犬性机能减退、精液少Pregnant Mare Serum gonadotropin (PMSG):从怀孕 1-3 个月马血清提取*药理作用母畜:FSH-like effects in animalsmale: LH-like effects*应用:fused for ovulation induction and for estrus induction 犬猫长期不发情,卵巢机 能障碍,不孕症ffor superovulation 超数排卵重复使用会产生抗体而降低效力,甚至偶尔产生过敏性休克Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)*药理作用:f exerts mainly luteinizing-honnone(黄体生成素)-like effects in domestic animals*应用一用于犬猫卵巢机能不全,促进排卵,不孕症fused for stimulation of gonads (性腺),治疗公犬隐睾症及性机能降低ffor the treatment of ovarian cysts in cattle or dogsf ovulation induction,提高受胎率.一增加同期发情的排卵效果。母猪:progesterone ( inhibit estrus) f PMSG f 4d later, HCG->24h ovulation5.促性腺激素释放激素 Gonadotropin-re 1 easing hormonesStimulating release of LH, FSH ,促LH作用更强,又叫黄体生成素释放激素(LH-RH) fused for treatment of ovarian cysts in cattle f for estrus induction in mares (母马)and bitches (母犬)f and for stimulation of testicular (睾丸) function (e. g. , in testing for cryptorchidism 隐睾).第二节子宫收缩药选择性兴奋子宫平滑肌,用于催产、引产、产后止血、子宫复原f催产素(oxytocin)f 麦角新碱(ergometrine)f 垂体后叶素(hypophysin, pituitrin)f 前列腺素类(prostaglandins)L催产素(oxytocin)(缩宫素)*来源:为含有二硫键的9个氨基酸组成的多肽链,从牛或猪的垂体后叶提取,现已人工合 成*药理作用一在雌激素作用的基础上,选择性兴奋子宫平滑肌,加强其收缩。小剂量,增加怀孕末期的子宫平滑肌的节律性收缩,适合于催产大剂量,子宫平滑肌的强直性收缩,适合于产后止血。一加强乳腺腺泡周围的肌上皮细胞收缩,松弛乳导管平滑肌,引起排乳。 火应用f Oxytocin (催产素) is used to promote milk letdown, as an adjunctive treatment of mastitisf Due to contraction of the uterus (子宫),induce (or supplement) labor (分娩) 子宫收缩无力-Enhance postpartum (产后)uterine (子宫)contraction and expulsion of uterine fluid or fetal membranes (胎膜).治疗产后子宫出血、胎衣滞留和子宫内膜炎一促进子宫脱出后的复原-产道阻塞、胎位不正、骨盆狭窄等临产动物禁用* Uterine relaxation , 02-mimetic agents, such as clenbuterol (克伦特罗),used for postponing parturition (延迟分娩)。2 . Ergometrine (ergonovine)(麦角新碱)由寄生在黑麦上的麦角菌菌核制得。Ergonovine has a direct effect on the uterus, increase uterine contraction and vasoconstriction (血管收缩)。Uses:因为对子宫体和子宫颈都有收缩作用,故主要用于动物产后出血,子宫复原, 胎衣不下 (used in postpartum animal to enhance involution (子宫复原)and placental(胎盘)expulsion) o不宜用于催产或引产垂体后叶素(hypophysin, pituitrin)含催产素和加压素(抗利尿素)。含催产素和加压素(抗利尿素)。催产、引产、子宫 复原等有抗利尿、收缩血管引起血压升高的副作用.前列腺素类(prostaglandins)从动物精液或猪、羊的羊水中提取,现多为人工合成从动物精液或猪、羊的羊水中提取, 现多为人工合成PGF2 a (地诺前列腺素,Dinoprost, Lutalyse), and its analogues: cloprostenol (氯 前列腺醇),fluprostenol (氟前列腺醇)*药理作用一溶解黄体一孕酮减少一同步发情和排卵一兴奋怀孕或非怀孕子宫平滑肌,促进子宫收缩。火应用Uses:f induce predictable onset of estrus (or synchronization of estrus) in a variety of species.f 用于人工流产,used for termination of pregnancy either alone, or in combination with corticosteroids (皮质类固醇)(cattle, sheep) or dopaminergic agents (多 巴胺类)(dogs).,used for labor (分娩)or expulsion of uterine contents in pathologic conditions 子宫蓄脓Pharmacologic Control of ReproductionControl of the estrous cycle: synchronization of estrus (同步发情)一use agents that act directly on the ovaries (FS1I/PMSG, LII/HCG, prostaglandins)f Superovulation (超排),which has become, an essential part of embryo transfer: during a certain stage of the cycle, use FSH or agents with FSH effect (eg, PMSG) combined with a product with LH effect (egeg, HCG).f Pathologic conditions of the ovaries (eg, cystic ovaries, delayed ovulation) are often treated with preparations with LH effect (eg, HCG) or Gn-RH. parturition 分娩(horses, pigs, and cattle):* cattle and pigs: PGF2a or Corticosteroid (betamethasone or dexamethone)* pigs: PGF2a or a combination of PGF2a and oxytocin is best.* mares: oxytocin is most effective.