初中英语语法梳理和提高——代词例题解析.pdf

初中英语时态总结动词的时态英语共有16种时态，根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷分析，时态测试重点主要有：完成时态一现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态一现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。一、一般时态1、一般现在时(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually,often,alwayssometimes,regularly,near,occas i ona 1 1 y,every year,everyweek等连用。例 如：1)The moon moves round the e a rth.2)Mr.Smith travels to work by bus every day.(2)在由 after,until,before,once,when,even if,incase,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例 如：1)1 wi11 tel I him the news as soon as I see him.2)I wi11 not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等。例 如：1)The plane I eaves at three sharp.2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.(4)在由 why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替招来时。例 如：1)Free tickets wi11 be given to whoever comes first.2)You 1 1 probably be in the same tra in as I am tomorrow.2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例 如：W e went to the pictures last night and saw a veryinteresting fiIm.(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例 如：1)He a I ways went to class la s t.2)I used to do my homework in the Iibrary.(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)3.一般将来时1)表示招来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例 如：I shalI graduate next year.2)几种替代形式：1)be going to+v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例 如：r m going to buy a house when we ve saved enough money.2)b e to+v表示计划安排要做的事，具 有“必要”的强制性意义。例 如：I am to play tennis th is afternoon.3)be about to+v表示即将发生的事情。例 如：He was about to s ta rt.4)bedueto+v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例 如：The tra in is due to depart in ten minutes.5)be on the point/verge of+v-ing 强调即将发生的某种事态。例 如：The baby was on the point of crying when her motherfin a lly came home.二、进行时态1 .现在进行时(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now,ioht now,at themother,for the time being,for the present 等连用。例 如：Don t disturb her.She is reading a newspaper now.(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always,continual ly,forever,constant Iy 等连用。例 如：My father is forever c ritic iz in g me.（3）表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：。o,come,I eave,start,a r r iv e,etun 等。例 如：They are Ieaving for Hong Kong next month.（4）有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,a p p e a r,（表示感觉的词）；hate,love,fear,I ike,want,wish,p re fe r,efuse,forgive（表示感情的动词）;be,exist,remain,stay,obtain（表示存在状态的动词）;have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,fom（表示占有与从属的动词）；understand,know,be I i eve,think,doubt,fo rg e t,emembe（表示思考理解的动词）。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例 如：1)Tom looks pale.What s wrong with him?（look在此为联系动词，意 为“显得，看上去”）2）Tom is Iooking for his books.（look在此为实义动词，意 为“寻找”）2.过去进行时过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always,continual ly,constant I y 等动词连用。例 如：1）W e were discussing the matter when the headmasterentered.2）Whenever I visite d him,he was always w ritin g at thedesk.3.将来进行时将来进行的主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在招来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例 如：DThis time next day they wi 1 1 be sitting in the cinema.2）What wi11 you be doing at six tomorrow evening?4.完成进行时（现在、过去、将来）完成进行时是（现在、过去、将来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。三、完成时态完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：1 .现在完成时（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet,already,ju st连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常 与 for，since连用）。例 如：1)1 have just f inished m y homework.2)Mary has been i11 for three days.(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since,for,during,ove 等引导出的短语；副词 al ready,yet,just,ever,now,before,often,lately,recently 等;状语词组 this week(morning,month,year),so far,up to now,many times,upto the present 等。例 如：1)1 haven t been there for five years.2)So far,she hasn,t enjoyed the summer vacation.3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：This(That,It)is(was)the first(second-)time+定语从句；This(That,It)is(was)the only(last)+n+定语从句；This(That,It)is(was)+形容词最高级+n+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例 如：(D This is one of the rarest questions that have everbeen raised at such a meeting.(2)There was a knock at the door.11 was the second timesomeone had interrupted me that evening.2.过去完成时(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例 如：1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5,000bicycles.动 词expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,wish,want,d e sire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例 如：I had meant to take a good ho Ii day th is year,but Iwasn t able to get away.另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：1)was/were+to have done s th,例 如：W e were to have come yesterday,but we couldn*t.2)intended(expected,hope,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+to have done s th,例如:I meant to have told you about it,but I forgot to doso.(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：Dhardly,scarcely,barely+过去完成时+when+过去时。例 如：Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.2)no sooner+过去完成时+than+过去时。例 如：No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.3)by(the end of)+过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例 如：The exper i merit had been f ini shed by 4 o cl ock yesterdayafternoon.3.将来完成时将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by(the time/the end of)+表示揩来时间的短语和句子；before(the end of)+表示将来时间的词语或句子：when,a fte r等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例 如：1)By th is time tomorrow you wi 1 1 have arrived inShanghai.2)I shalI have finished th is composition before 9o clock.3)When we get on the ra iI way station,the tra in wi11probably have le ft.4.完成进行时完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例 如：I have been Iooking for my lost book for three days,butI s t ill haven t found i t.(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例 如：It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week andthe downpour had caused IandsIi des in many pI aces.(3)捋来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例 如：By the time you arrive tonight,she wi 1 1 have been typingfor hours.四：时态一致时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态He says that he Iives in Wuhan.W e hope that there wi11 be many peopIe at your partytoday.Did you hear that B ill f inal ly sold the house?Yes,but I don t know who bought i t.”There s a lot of excitement on the s tre e t.aThere certa inly is.Do you suppose the astronauts havereturned?2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态He said he was w ritin g a noveI.The teacher wanted to know when we would fin ish theexperiment.He said his father had been an engineer.3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例 如：The teacher told them since I ight travels faster thansound,Iightning appears to go before thunder.注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例 如：W e insisted that we do it ourselves.动词的语态语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。1）W e use e le ctricity to run machines.（主动语态）2）E lectricity is used to run machines.（被动语态）1 .不能用于被动语态的动词和短语（1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear,belong,belong,die,escape,falI,happen,last,remain,succeed,occur,come true,take place,consist of0(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become,contain,cost,fit,have,resemble,suit 也没有被动语态。2.被动语态的时态形式常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。表1时?SPAN I ang=EN-US 一般时 进行时 完成时现在 am asked am being askedis asked is being askedare asked are being asked过去was be asked was being askedwere be asked were being asked将来 sha 1 1 be asked sha 1 1 have been askedwi11 be asked wi11 have been asked过去 shou I d be asked shou I d have been asked将来 would be asked would have been asked3.短语动词的被动语态短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例 如：1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived a t.2)AII the rubbish shouId be got rid o f.4 .“get+-e d分词”的被动语态“get+-e d分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例 如：The boy got hurt on his way home from work.另外，“get+-e d分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例 如：get dressed（穿衣服）get divorced（离婚）get engaged（订婚）get confused（迷惑不解）get lo s t（迷路）get washed（洗脸）get married（结婚）5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态（1）能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例 如：1）W e showed the v is ito rs our new products.（主动语态）2）The v is ito rs were shown our new products.（被动语态）3）0ur new products were shown to the v is ito rs.（被动语态）（2）能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例 如：1）The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态）2）He was appointed League secretary.（被动语态）6.被动语态与系表结构的区别（1）The novel was we 1 1 w ritte n.（系表结构）（2）The novel was wr itte n by Diskens.（被动语态）7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思例 1 :The book is selling remarkably well.例 2:The song sounds very beaut ifu l.能这样用的动词还有 ead（读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），w rite（写起来）。例 3：My watch needs cleaning.（=M y watch needs to becleaned）.能 像 need这样用的动词还有：want,require,deserve,do,owe,bind 等。例 4:The meat is cooking.例 5：The book written by the professor is printing.初中英语语法梳理和提高一一代词例题解析例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1.This isnt pencil case.I le ft at home.A.my,mine B.me,my C.I,my D.my,myself解析：此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况。要做好这类题，就必须熟练掌握这三类词的用法。应 选 A,2.The English novel is quite easy for you.There arenew words in it.A.a little B.little C.a few D.few解析：历年来中考始终将little,a little,few,260作为一个重要考点,要做好这类题,必须明确几点：(1)little,alittle修饰或代替不可数名词；few,a few 修饰或代替可数名词复数。(2)few,little 一般表示否定意义;a few,a little 表示肯定意义。应 选 D。3.Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?-OK.Im free today and tomorrow.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None解析：此类题主要是针对each,every,both,all,either,neither,none等不定代词的考查。Both指两个人或物；a ll表示三者或三者以上 都，它们都表示肯定意义，均 与 Of连用，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，作定语修饰复数名词。a ll也可代替不可数名词或一个整体，这时谓语动词用单数形式，either指两者只任何一个，表肯定，表示三者或三者以上中的任何一个用any,neither是 either的否定形式，表示两者都不是。应选儿4.The population of China is much large thanA.this B.those C.it D.that解析：在比较级的句型中，经常用th a t指代前面提到过的不可数名词，用 those指代可数名词的复数。选 D。5.-When shall we meet again?-Make i t day you like.Its all the same tome.A.one B.any C.another D.all解析：any表示任何一个。选&He said at the meeting and j ust sat there silently.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything解析：此句的意思是 他在会上一言不发，只是静静地坐在那里。”根据句意，应 选 C。-Do you know the lady is interviewing ourheadmaster?Yes,she is a journalist from CCTV.A.which B.who C.whom D.whose解析：先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语，所以应选已练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！一、用适当的代词填空Help to some ice cream,girls.He came up with an idea at last,the idea o f wasvery good.Hurry,up,theres time left.There is hardly in the basket,its empty.Lili and Coco dont know address.Lili has neverbeen to Cocos home and Coco has never been to Lilys home,either.He is a kind friend th a t of us like him.He have two English novels,but he has read ofthem.I dont like the color of this jacket.Could you show me_one?You may take of them,theyre both good.Dont worry.goes well here.二、选择最佳答案填空:1.These two books are very interesting.You can choose_ _ _ _ _ of them.A.both B.each C.either D.any2.He had milk but bread forbreakfast.A.many;few B.much;little C.few;much D.little;many3.Is there you want to say?A.something else B.anything else C.elseanything D.else something4.A:are you going to visit?B:I am going to visit the Palace Museum.A.Where B.What C.Why D.When5.One should keep promise.A.ones own B.every C.himself D.herself三、完成句子1.Theres two apples here,you can t ake（任意一个）.2.Lisa has two daughters._（没有一 喜欢）traveling.3.（所有的）girls like singing.4.To say is（一回事），t。do is（另一回事）.5.They keep one black cat and（两只黑的）.6.He has（许多）money,but he has（没有）friends.7.Can she speak French?（只会一点）.8.（他们中很少有人）can talk in Chinese.9.（没人）has been reached farther than themoon.10.We looked at（相互）in great surprise.Key:,1.yourselves2.his3.no 4.anything 5.each others6.such,al I 7.neither 8.another 9.either 10.everyth!ng二、CBBAA三、1.either 2.neither 3.al I 4.one thing,another thing5.two black ones 6.a lot of/much,no7.A little 8.Few of them 9.No one/Nobody 10.eachother一、名词(-)知识概要名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall,America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen,w orker-它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，JQ：family,class,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work,time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。名词一览表种类专有名词London,John,the Communist Party of China普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集体名词 class,family,army,police,team,people物质名词 water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名词 happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His fat her is a scientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：1.一般情况力口 s,如：pen pens,doct or doct ors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读 s,在元音和浊辅音后读 z。如:mapmap,boyboys.2.在 以 s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加e s,如：busbuses,cl assclasses,其 读 音 为 iz o3.以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其 读 音 为 iz。4.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es,读作z,如：factory factories,country countries,familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boyboys,day daySo5.以。结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加e s,但如果。前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以。结尾的则只加s,如：tomato一t omat oes,heroheroes;phot ophot os,radi oradios,pianopianos6.以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如：knifeknives,leafleaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roof7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，：manmen,woman women,childchildren,foot feet,toothteeth,mouse-mice8.单复同形的名词有：fish,sheep,deer-9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加S其复数形式是S,如其结尾不是S的复数形式仍加s,50：a students room,students rooms,Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用 如：atwenty minutes，walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用o f结构,如：the capital of our country,the colour of the flowers（二）正误辨析 误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper.析 不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因 P叩e r在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达,如：two pieces of paper.误Please give me two letter papers.IE Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如:Each student should write a paper onwhat he has learnt.误My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.误I want to buy two shoes.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes.析英语中glasses一眼镜，shoes一鞋，trousers一裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：Thispair of glasses is very good.误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以。结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果。前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有 zoo zoos,pi anopi anos.误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词this,that,these those,及其他修饰词our,some,every,w hich,或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。误There are much people in the garden.IE There are many people in the garden.析可数名词前应用many,few,a few,a lot o f来修饰,而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people areplanting trees here.误I want a few water.IE I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用a little,little,a lot of,some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。误Thank you very much.Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much.Your family are very kind to me.误Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.IE Toms and Marys families are waiting for us.i Im sorry.I have to go.Toms families are waiting for me.正Im sorry.I have to go.Tomsfamily are waiting for me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family.When I came in,Toms family were watching T V.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class,team等。误Dont eat too much meats.IE Dont eat too much meat.误Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加