中考英语完形填空、阅读理解与书面表达解题策略指导与实践.pdf
中考英语完形填空、阅读理解、书面表达解题策略指导与实践Chapter I Cloze Test完形填空一、解题策略指导完 形 填 空(Cloze test)是初中英语试题中必考题型。完形填空主要测试学生在具体语言环境中对文章的篇章结构、中心思想、推理判断、词语辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配等方面的能力要求，及对所学英语的综合运用能力、快速阅读理解能力及逻辑推理判断能力等。这种题型归纳起来有如下特点：1.在整份试卷中所占的分值较重，占1015%,短文长度一般在130200个单词左右。2.降低了对单词本身的考查要求，重点考查考生对短文的整体理解，上下文的段落衔接，情理分析及推理判断能力。3.针对初中学生的实际水平，一般采用故事类、说明类短文，尽量避免专业性太强的文章或论文体。近年来出现了以意义选择为主、语法选择逐渐减少的趋势。完形填空有多种形式，但它在基本设计原则上都是一致的。形式都是从短文中抽去若干个词或短语，让考生根据上下文填入适当的词或短语，为了有助于考生填入适当的词，可以提供四个答案(其中包括一个正确答案)，让考生选出正确的答案；从所给的单词中，选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空；也可以给出单词首字母作提示将短文补全；也可以不给考生提供任何线索，完全凭借考生对文章的理解和现有的语言能力完成。最常见的还是选择型的完形填空。抽词的办法可以是有针对性地抽取，也可以是随机地抽取。但目前比较流行的是对文章理解能力的考查，而不是单纯对语法结构的考查。完形填空要求考生不仅要会运用自己学过的词汇和语法知识妥善地处理好每个单句，理解语义，还要处理好单句之间以及单句与全文之间的内在关系，选出适当的词填上，使文章完整与通顺。完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词和语法结构。难点主要集中在根据上下文作正确判断的词的用法上。在做完形填空题时，通常先弄清语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，才能作出恰当的选择。具体可分为以下三步：1.通览全文，了解大意答题时，应先越过空档，通读全文，理顺题意，找出信息词。这是做好完形填空题的关键。因为完形填空的特点是着眼于整体理解。我们如果把短文比作环环相扣的链条，那么由于空格的设置，“链条”从第二句起有些地方就脱节了。有些同学习惯于提笔就填或边读边填，急于求成，然而，欲速则不达，结果往往由于“只见树木不见森林”而事倍功半。因此我们应该依据首句给的启示，通过逻辑思维，借助短文中关键词所提供的信息，越过空档，尽快把全文读完，建立语言的整体感，帮助我们了解短文大意。2.综合考虑，先易后难通览全文后，认真观察选项，瞻前顾后，仔细推敲，逐项选定。经过通读全文，对短文有了整体印象。在此基础上，可以根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，分析这一空格处在句中的地位，前后的关系和它所起的作用，确定最佳答案。遇到困难，暂放一边，先易后难，这是解题之道。当遇到难以判断的空档时，不妨先放一边，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时，前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此，当我们遇到难题时，不能久久停留于此，这样会浪费不必要的时间。3.复读检验，消除疏漏完成所有空档后，还要再次通读全文，看看这时的短文行文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，可从语法入手，检查一下句子的时态、主谓一致、代词的性、数、格以及词语的搭配等是否正确。凡遇疑点，必须根据文章的中心思想，从意义、语法的角度来仔细权衡，加以改正，弥补疏漏。二、范例解析引路例一：Every year students in many countries learn English.Some of thesestudents are children,1 students are young people.Why do all thesepeople want to learn_ 2?It is not_ 3to answer this question.Manyboys and girls learn English at school.It is one of their _ 4.Manypeople learn English because it is_ 5in their work.Some young peoplelearn English_ 6their higher studies because some of their booksare7English.Other people learn English because they want to8newspapers in English.Some people learn English because theywant to _ 9 in the USA,England or Australia.English is very_ 10inour life.1.A.all B.the other C.both D.other2.A.English B.Chinese C.maths D.Japanese3.A.hard B.easy C.good D.nice4.A.books B.classes C.schools D.subjects5.A.good B.useful C.fine D.pleased6.A.for B.of C.to D.from7.A.in B.with C.at D.of8.A.look B.see C.look at D.read9.A.go B.work C.like D.come10.A.help B.helping C.helps D.helpful首先，通览全文。通过通览全文，便知本文讲述许多人学习英语。学习英语的人年龄不同，目的各异。其次，本着先易后难的原则开始填空，先根据上下文和自己的语感，推测部分空格的可能答案。然后，再结合选项逐一敲定。1.选 B。some.other(s).意 思 是“一些 另一些(泛指)”；some.the other(s).意 思 是“一些 另一些(特指)。由语焉可知，在学英语的学生中，除一部分是孩子外，剩余的是青年人(特指)。2.选A。根据上下文可知是English。3.选B o由文章内容来看，人们学习英语的原因多种多样，因此回答为什么那么多人学习英语这个问题并不容易。4.选D。由常识可知,English是学生学习的科目(subject)之一。5.选B o根据前后文意可知许多人学习英语，那是因为English在他们的工作中很有用(useful)。6.选A。本题属于介词用法辨析。介 词for在此可表示目的、原因。7.选A。in English是习惯搭配。8.选D。读报 英语习惯说read newsp叩ers。9.造B。恨 据 语 譬 句 子 结 构，有些人学习英语或想出国(goto acountry)或想在这些国家工作(work in a country)o10.选D。末句点题，英语在我们生活中是很有帮助的(helpful)。最后，复读检验。将所有答案代入空格后，重新将短文复读一遍,如果语句通顺，语意清楚，便结束本题，转做其它试题。最后须提醒大家一点，做好完形填空题并非一日之功。我们应从平日学习中做起，多积累，勤学苦练，方可成功！例二：parent,tell,call,celebrate,together,why,start,after,shop,newspaperMost people buy lots of presents just before Christmas.But somepeople think we buy too much.They have started a special day(1)Buy Nothing Day.They dont want anyone to go(2)on that day.Buy Nothing Day is November 29.It is(3)Thanksgiving.Often,before Christmas we see many ads in(4)and on TV(5)us to buy,buy,buy!”The idea for BuyNothing Day(6)in Vancouver,Canada.Now people all over theworld(7)Buy Nothing Day.In California,the US,(8)and children get(9)to read stories,sing songs,anddraw pictures.The children talk about(10)they dont need a lotof toys.本文是向考生介绍一个特殊的日子-Buy Nothing Day,因此第1空应填calledo 既然是Buy Nothing D ay,那就应该是不让人们“购物(go shopping)55o 第 3 空考查常识，Buy Nothing D ay的日期是November 2 9,应该在Thanksgiving之后，故此空白处应填after。看见广告”通常应在报纸上或电视上，因此第4 空白处应填newspaperso结合文意可知第5 空白处应填写一个动词，并且能用动词不定式作复合宾语，此动词应是tell,此处应用“动词-ing”形式，即telling。第6空白处所在的句子是介绍Buy Nothing Day的起源，是过去的事情，应 用 started0 现在，世界各地也像庆祝其他节日一样来 庆 祝 BuyNothing D ay,因此第7 个空白处应填写celebrate(庆祝)。第 8 空白处应填parents与 children对应。第 9 空白处应填together与动词get构成get together短语,意思是“团聚”。第 10空白处应填why来澄清“theydont need a lot of toys”的原因。三、实践评估自测Section OneFill in the blanks with the right forms of the proper words in the box.Each word should be used only once.(1)agree,leave,pay,taste,as,thank,place,thief,polite,comeYouve finished eating a(1)meal in a British restaurant andthe bill has been paid.But why are people giving more money?Are theymad?Not at all.Theyre(2)a tip.A tip is a small amount of money that you give to someone to say“thank you“for good service.Tipping is very common in many(3)in Britain.For example,its common to tip in restaurants,taxis,hotels and even hairdressers!People give 10 to 15 per cent of thefinal bill(4)a tip.Sometimes the tip is added to the bill.Othertimes you leave the money after having(5).These days,it can be(6)not to give a tip.Its normal nowto tip people even you havent had good service!This new custom has(7)from America.Tipping like this has only been in Britain forthe last 20 years.Lots of British people do not(8)with this.Once,Britishpeople would only tip if they had very good service.British people also tip other people,like window cleaners and thepostman as a way of(9)them for doing a good job.Peopleusually do this at a special time of the year,such as Christmas.This is anold British custom.Some people think the word tip comes from a slang(行话)wordused by(10)a long time ago in Britain.Then,tip meant”topass one form another.sleep,quick,others,visit,relax,last,possible,weather,popular,eitherEach year most Americans take vacations,which are short breaksfrom work or school.Vacations usually(1)for one or twoweeks,and most people take vacations in the summer time because of thenice(2).Families will often drive in their cars to thedestination(目 的地).On the other hand,if the vacation spot is far away,aplane ride is the(3)way to travel.Many Americans take theirvacations at(4)the beach or in the mountains.Other(5)places to vacation include Disney World,resorts,largecities of the USA,or National Parks.Some families enjoy camping,which means that they will(6)in tents or trailers(房式活动车).Other families prefer to rent hotel rooms,cabins,or beach homes.Vacations are intended(有意义的)for relaxation and fun,so Americanschoose their vacations based on what they enjoy most.Some people wantto spend their time(7)by the pool and baking in the sun,while(8)prefer to do as many activities and as much site-seeing as(9).Year after year,Americans often return to the exactsame vacation spot;However,some families enjoy(10)new places each year.Nonetheless,a vacation is a great way not only totake a break from everyday life but also to make lasting memories withfriends and family.(3)dead hit take happy withlonelyafter pain since stop even allowA pet is a lot more than just an animal who lives in your house.Petscan become part of your family.A pet can cheer you up when youre(1),or be your friend when youre(2).Your pet is animportant part of your life.When that part of your life is gone,it can be(3)and sad.It may feel like a member of your family has died.Edna always hoped to come home from school to play with her dogBell.Bell had been a part of Ednas family(4)Edna was ababy.She loved(5)Bell for walks and playing catch with him.Bell(6)to sleep on her bed.Bell was her best friend.Then,one day when Edna came home from school,Bell was gone.Her mom told her that Bell was(7)by a car.The girl was verysad.Her best friend(8).Sometimes pets die in accidents like Ednas dog did.Other times petsare so sick or in so much pain that they wont(9)get better.They have to be“put to sleep”.This means that the vet,or animal doctor,will give your pet a shot that helps her die(10)any pain at all.This may seem like a terrible thing to do.But your pet is hurting.Shewill never stop hurting.It is nicer of you to let your pet sleep forever thanto keep her alive and hurting all the time.(4)kid,name,out,sit,festival,make,everywhere,every,they,longNo matter what kind of music you like,in Germany youU findsomething to enjoy.Music is very important to German people.One out of(1)fourGermans plays a musical instrument(乐器)or sings in a group.Many famous musical(2)are from Germany,like JohanSebastian Bach,Luduing van Beethoven and Robert Schumann.(3)music is still played across the world.This great past has(4)young people love music.Many Germanstudents have music lessons at school.They have lessons twice a week,for two or four hours each time.Piano lessons can be even(5)!What do children do in their music lessons?Sit down and sing?Some German music lessons are different.Students walk around and cantry any instrument they like.Sometimes teachers ask them to listen tomusic and then act it(6).Music is(7)in Germany.Dont forget(8)for a whilein a restaurant.You can enjoy light music there.Remember to visit achurch or a square.There you can listen to people playing music.ManyGerman(9)enjoy music with their parents.There are more than100 music(10)in Germany each year.(5)quiet love beach little from build call sidenear centuryFor many years,Hawaii has been a magic name to people who like totravel.People on both(1)of the Pacific Ocean in Japan and inAmerica,dream of seeing these beautiful islands in the middle of theocean.Their dreams always include at(2)one scene of a sunsetover the ocean.In the tropical lands,the sun drops like a ball of goldenfire into the sea,and it drops so quickly that you can almost see it move.The sun leaves behind a glow that lights the skies in the(3)water.People often have a quiet,peaceful time perfect for a leisurelywalk along the water.This scene is not too different(4)thedramatic beauty that greeted the first strangers to these islands(5)ago.They were Polynesian people who came from Tahiti incanoes not much bigger than small boats.They found the beautiful white sand(6)and the waving palmtrees,but there were no grand hotels like the ones we see nowadays.Thefirst people came to Hawaii(7)two thousand years ago butskyscraper hotels were only(8)in the last 25 years.Now jetairplanes make it possible to fly to Hawaii for a weekend from Tokyo orSan Francisco or Los Angeles.Wherever people come from,they reallywant to see the original beauty of Hawaii.They want to see the(9)beaches and the mountains(10)Diamond Head,which is almost hidden,by the tall hotels.(6)example,solve,feel,teacher,happy,five,who,they,like,aboutPolice in Boston are teaching young children to stay away fromdrugs(毒品).The public schools invited 10 police officers to be(1)The goal is to make young children(2)good aboutthemselves.Police believe(3)children will not want to use drugs.Robert Tinker is one of the police officers(4)teach.Heteaches children in the(5)grade.In his class,children play gamesand put on skits(表演短剧)(6)drugs.The kids really enjoy(7).Officer Tinker sets a good(8)for the children.Thechildren look up to Officer Tinker and want to be(9)him whenthey grow up.Making police officers into teachers is an unusual way to stop theuse of illegal drugs.But police in Boston say they have succeeded inhelping to(10)the drug problem by teaching children.danger,birth,on,late,send,family,success,fan,mean,howJackie Chan was born on April 7,1954,in Hong Kong,China.Hisparents left mainland China for Hong Kong a short time before his(1).His parents named him“Chan Kongsang”,which(2)born in Hong Kong.They wanted to celebrate a safe trip toHong Kong.At first,Jackies(3)lived in the French Embassy(大使馆).His father was a cook,and his mother was a house-keeper.When Jackiewas seven years old,his family moved to Australia.His father got a job inthe American Embassy.(4),back in Hong Kong,Jackies father(5)him to the China Drama Academy(中国戏剧学院).Jackiestudied and worked 19 hours a day.The students practiced Kong Fu andlearned(6)to do many stunts(特技表演)there.When Jackie was 17,he began to do(7)stunts for films.In theearly 1980s,Jackie went to Holly wood(好莱坞)，but he wasnt very(8).He went(9)to make films in Hong Kong and hadgreat success.Finally,in 1995,Jackie Chan became famous in the UnitedStates.Today,Jackie Chan has both Chinese and American(10),and his films make millions of dollars.(8)expensive,address,pocket,number,receive,like,much,work,remember,easyPDAs are very useful.They are(1)small computers.Youcan put a lot of information into them.For example,you can put intelephone(2)and e-mail(3).Many people use PDAs to(4)important dates.Some of these super machines can even sendand(5)e-mails.PDAs are small and convenient.A few years ago,they were(6).Now,they are cheap.Many people use them at(7)and at school.People can carry PDAs in their shirt(8).But,its important to be careful.These little machines are(9)to lose.People put so(10)important informationinto their PDAs.Its really terrible to lose them.(9)every,use,when,mouth,life,ago,find,fun,because,oneIf we knew when an earthquake was about to happen,then we could savemany(1).In fact,scientists do try to predict(预测)(2)earthquake will happen.They know that earthquakes are regular(有规律的).A size 8 earthquake,for example,happens(3)8-1 0 years.(4)of this,if they know when the last earthquake was in anarea(地区)，it is easy to work out when the next one will be.If the lastone was seven years(5),one might happen soon!In the past,people had(6)ways of predicting earthquakes.Many people(7)to think dogs acted strangely when one was coming.In 132AD(公元)，Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty(东 汉)made the(8)machine to predict earthquake.It was made of a ball and eightbronze(铜)frogs.When there was an earthquake,the ball would fall intoone of the frogs5(9)!Today,it is still very hard to know exactlywhen an earthquake will hit.But we do know where they will happen,asearthquakes are only(10)along fault lines.(10)as way pay much cost have who decidekid probableAmerica seems like a very rich country too much of the world.Insome(1)this is true.However,the(2)of living in Americais very high.Even someone(3)is very careful with their moneywill(4)end up spending at least$1500 a month just to(5)their bills and eat.When you consider the fact that Americans(6)to save money to buy a house,a car,and pay for their(7)collegeeducation,you realize that it costs(8)to live in America.Americans still see their country(9)a land of opportunity,andmany believe that if they work hard and make the right(1 0),theycan end up rich.(IDski one tall find danger off climb use tiewhyExtreme(极限的)sports are very new in America.They usuallycome from people trying the craziest things.Bungee jumping(蹦极剧K)isa good example.Someone(1)a bungee cord(绳索)to himselfone day and jumped(2)a very tall bridge.Bungee cords stretch alot,so the person lived,but he took a big risk(冒险)to(3)out ifhis idea would work.Another extreme sport is snowboarding.A(4)decided to stand sideways on one piece of wood to get downthe mountain instead of(5)two skis.People like these(6)sports because they are exciting.They of
