2023年畜牧兽医专业英语.pdf

畜 牧 兽 医 专 业 英 语 Spe c ializ e d En g lish f o r Vete r inary Med i c ine讲 稿 院 系：动 物 医 学 院 任 课 教 师:姚 宝 安 授 课 对 象：动 物 科 技 2 0 2 3级 1-4 班 动 物 医 学 2 0 2 3 级 1-4班 总 学 时：4 0202 3刖 BPreface按 照 大 多 数 高 等 院 校 兽 医 本 科 专 业 的 教 学 计 划 及 培 养 目 的，在 畜 牧 兽 医 本 科 专 业 学 生 完 毕 2 年 基 础 英 语 学 习 的 基 础 上,一 般 于 三 年 级 第 一 学 期 开 设 畜 牧 兽 医 专 业 英 语(Engl i s h f o r S t u d e n ts of An i mal Science andVeterinary Medic i ne)选 修 课 程。有 的 高 等 农 业 院 校 也 给 硕 士 研 究 生 开 设 畜 牧 兽 医 专 业 英 语。该 课 程 的 教 学 目 的 与 规 定 是：学 生 通 过 本 门 课 程 的 学 习，达 成 借 助 专 业 词 典 等 工 具 书 能 纯 熟 阅 读 畜 牧 兽 医 专 业 英 语 书 刊 并 掌 握 畜 牧 兽 医 专 业 文 献 英 译 汉、汉 译 英 的 基 本 技 能。本 课 程 重 点 阐 述 了 动 物 科 技 和 动 物 医 学 的 科 技 英 语 阅 读 和 翻 译 的 基 础 知 识、科 技 英 语 的 特 殊 性、科 技 词 汇 的 基 本 结 构 和 构 词 法、动 物 科 技 和 动 物 医 学 科 技 英 语 论 文 及 摘 要 的 撰 写、参 考 文 献 引 录；以 及 动 物 科 技 和 动 物 医 学 相 关 的 英 语 文 章，涉 及 动 物 科 技、动 物 医 学 基 础 知 识 和 专 业 知 识。Chapter 1 G e n e ral of English f o r S cience andTechn o log yS e c t io n 1 The import a nt o f S t ud y Englishf o r Science an d T e ch n o logy1.1 F or e i g n 1 a ng u a g e s f o r S c i ence a n d Tec h no 1 ogy i s a indiv i d ual su b j e ctForeign la n gua g e s f o r S c i enc e a n d Techno 1 ogyL a ngu a ges f o r s peci a 1 Purpo s e s(L S P)E n g lis h f o r Scienc e and Tec h nolo g yE n g l i s h f o r Sp e c i a 1 P urposes(ESP)1.2 T h e importan t of F ore i g n Ian g ua g es f or Sc i enc e and T echnolog y1.3 R equest of study i n F or e ign lan g u a g e s fo r S c ie nc e an d Te c h nolog y1.3.1 S t u d y Englis h bo o k a nd magazin e u s i n g di cti o nary1.3.3 T r a n s la t ion E n g 1 ish boo k a nd maga z i n e u s i ng d ic t i onary1.3.4 Know how to w r i t e abstract fo r E n g 1 ish pap e r1.4 Study m e thods of Englis h fo r Sci e n ce a n d Te c hn ology1.4.1 Under s t a nd study a im an d plane1.4.2 S tu d y m e t h o ds1.4.3 Ma s te r y t h e pro n u n c i ation,v oc a bular y a n d gramma rPseudo t ub e rculosisI mm u n oassayImm u no c hemi c alPseudo t u b e r culo-s i sImmu n o a ssa yI m m uno-c h e m ic a 11.4.4 R eading met h o d sSectio n 2 The f o r mation and d e velo p me n t of s eve r a1 f o re i g n langu a g e in norma 1 us i n g inthe world2.1 The major l a n guag e i n t h e wor 1 dTh e r e ar e 27 0 0 nat i o nalit y a n d 5651 la n g u a g es,but there a r e not words i n thr e e f o u r th.The r e a r e 50 0 1 a n guages s t u d i e d by phi 1 o log i st.T h ere are 70 di f fer e nt kin d words p u b 1 ished in forei g n co un t ries.EnglishG e rmanRus s i a nFranc e60%1 1%11%7%Jap a nes e 3%2.2S pan i s h 2%Ot h ers 8%The origin an d d evelopmen t o f se v e ral ma j orla n g u a gesin I n dia and Eu r o pe希 腊 东 希 腊 文 斯 拄 夫 文 俄 文 腓 尼 基 文 古 希 腊 文 西 希 腊 文-法 语 意 大 利 语 西 吵 语 英 语 日 尔 猴 德 语 2.3 Th e s i g n i Hca n ce o f stud y f oreig n la n g uage s f o r s c i e n c e a n d te c hnology from st u dy languagesin I n di a and Euro p eSection 3 The g ener a 1 c h a r a c t er an d ind i vid u alchara c ter i nEngli s h f o r sc i e n c e and tec h nology a n d pub 1 ic Eng1 ish3.1 The g e n e ral char a cter in En g 1 i sh f o r science an d tec h nolog yand public Englis hT h e E n gl i sh for sci e nee and t e chnology is the br a n c h ofgeneral E n g 1 i sh.T h e basi c w o r ds are come from gen era 1 E n g 1 i sh.The gramma r is as s am e as ge n e r a 1 E ng 1 i s h.3.2 The diffe r enc e o f Englis h for science and t echnologya n d pub 1 i c Englis h3.2.1 T he char a c ter o f c o mm a langu a ge i n Eng I i s h for sci e nc e and t echno l o g y.T he meaning of v o c a bular y i s propriet a ry and s t a bil i t yd o,m a ke,t a keT here i s n o fee 1 ing i n English for scie n ce and technol o gyT h er e are n o f i gu r e o f s p eech,o verstate a n dparallelismIt i s a wr i tten 1 a nguage3.2.2 The char a cterist i c o f v o c a b ulary in E nglish forscien c e and t e chnol o gy.I nt e rnation a 1 There are 7 0%voca b ul a r y come fromL ati n a n d G r e ece i n m e d i cine and v e terinar y.Usi n g n ormat i ve writ t en ve r bdisco v e r(fi n d ou t)o b s e r ve(loo ka t).Using derivati v e ad j ect i vever b add-a b le,-ed,in g,-i v ebreath b reat h ing,bre a t he d,breath e r,bre athles snoun add-a 1,-i c,-i o use lec t ron e lectr o n ic,ele c t ropol a r,e l e ct r o pos i ti v e3.2.3 T h e cha r acter of g rammar structu r e in E n glish fors cie n ce and t e c h nology1)Using n o un a n d w o rd gr o upT he t i t le o f p a per(1)M e t h o d s o f detectin g d r u g-resistance in ch i cke n c o ccidia n(2)The p a t hw a y o f cel 1 deat h indue e d b y lead i nWish cells(3)E s tablishmen t of a Ra d iorecepter Ass a y(RRA)ca pabl e of m e asu r ing s er u m bioact i ve LH/CG in a wi d evariety o f s p e cies2)Using p assiv e v o i c eT h e To xpla s ma gon d ii in f e ction wer e found i n a n im a Isas ea r 1 y a s in 19 5 0 s i n F u j ian prov i nee o f C h ina.D u ring the n e x t t w e n t y-od d year s muc h progres s w as mad e and m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 pap e rs we r e publish e d.3)U s i n g p art i c iple and non-p r e d icate as a d je c t i ve(1)Th e s ounds h eard in th e h e a r t a re due tot he clo s ing o f th e valve s.(2)A z o ono t ic disease is defin e d as a d i se a s e s hared byan i m a Is and h umans.4)Usin g m or e t h an t wo c la u se(1)Su c h us e as we ar e ab 1 e to m a ke of helpf u 1 bac t e r i aand s uc h control as we hav e of harmful on e s d e p e n du p o n o u r kn o w 1 e d g e o f the i r h a b its.(2)W a ter prov i d ed t o t he hogs w a s s ampled a n d soi 1from the site of most recent slu r ry spr e ad w a s c o 1 1 e c t e d.5)Usi n g i t as antec e d e n ce s u bje c t(1)It make s n o di f f e r ence t o t a k e this m e d i ci n ebefore or after meals.(2)It can b e c one 1 uded t h a t bovi n e emb r yo r ec 1 oning issi m il a r to t h e embryo s c loning e x cept for t h e emb r y o s low i n v i t r o developmen t a b il i ty.6)Using preposit i o n w o rd gr o u pTh e se c ases a r e grouped b y t he s e v erity o f t he d i se a se.7)U sing as guidan c e active and p ositi v e sen t e n cesA s the illustra t i o n showsAs h a s b e en st a t edA s fol 1 ow sC h apt e r 2 Three ba s i c of Engl i sh fo r s cience a nd tec h nolog yPro n unci a t ion v o c a b ul a ry grammarS e c t ion 1 P r o nunciati o nSec t io n 2 Wo r d f o rmati o n in wo r ds of sc i e nee and tec h nol o gy2.1 The deriv a tio n al expa n si o n of genera 1 E n g lish w o rds2.1.1 The basic ge n e ral w ordsBas i c wor d s:3 5 00-45 0 0Mo r p h eme(wor d e 1 eme n t),b asic w o r d s:pr e fix,s t e m,s uf f i xThe b a s i c Chinese words:35 0 0There are only 2900 di f ferent C h inese wo r ds in ChairmanMao flo r ilegium.2.1.2 Form a ti o n o f wo r dsNew w o r d s:skylab moonqu a k e E mailT h e re are t hre e m e tho d s of f o rmation w o rds:1)Compo u nd i n gU s i n g two or more wor d s f o rm one ne w words.(1)C o mpound n o unA.N oun+no u nb o o k wormB.Adje c ti v e+nounnewsp a perg reen-houseC.Geru n d+nounSlee p i n g-b a gD.Verb+nounGr i ndstoneE.Ad v er b+Out b rea kF.G.Ve r bMak e-upNo u n+prepositionEdit o r-i n-c h iefWhite-hou s efr e ezing-pointw orkshopn ounovercoatPron o un+nou n He-go a t+ad v e rbb r e a k-d o w nfather-i n lawte s t-t ubedarkroomworking-tab 1 es a wdu s to v e r bridgeshe-w o 1 fget-t o ge t h ers o n-i n-law(2)C o mpo u n d a djectiveA.Adj e ct 1 ve+nounF i rs t-hand second-han d lowtemp e r a t u r e hig h-temperat u r eB.Adjective+Ad j ect i v e li g h t blue r edh o tC.N oun+Adjecti v eeD.Adjective+nou n+e dmindedE.N oun+partici p lec olorblind worl d-w i d(d)smal 1-size d op e n man-ma d e snow-c o veredF.N o un+p resent pa r t i cip 1 eM a nea t ing e a r t h-s h ak i ngG.A dverb+p a rticiple fa r-re a c h i n g well-inform e dH.Adverb+p reposi t ion+n o u nUp-to-date o ut-o f dateI.N umeral+n o u n(+ed)f ive-year(pla n)f our-corn e r e dJ.Adve r b+a d ject i ve eve r gree n over-sensi t iveK.Adjec t ive+partici p 1 e r e ad y-mad e g ood-lookingL.N oun+n oun+e d i r o n-wille d s t r o ng w i lied we a k-will e d(3)Compou n d pr o nounP r o nou n obje c tive ca s e or po s sessive pron o un+self(se 1 ve s)Himse 1 f ourselvesIn d efinite pr o noun(s ome,any,no,e v e ry)+b o d y(one,th i n g)Ev e r ybody,any b o d y somethin g,nothing(4)Com pound ver bA.Adverb+v e r b:overcome u p holdB.N o u n+ver b s unbathe(5)com p o u nd a d ve r bA.Nou n+n o u n s ide w aysB.N o u n+adverb he a dfi r sC.Adje c t i v e+noun m e anw h ileD.Pre p osi t i on+n o u n before-h e adt2)Aff i xatio nIt is c a lied d er i v at i ve metho d t o ch a n g e t h e me ani n g wi t h p refix or suf f ix.A.Pref i x c a n c a s e the m e aning change witho u t c ha n g eof p a rts of spee c h.Un f air,di s 1 ike,amoral,s u pe r m a n,cooperate,f o r e t e 1 1,Bicycle,t r i cy c le,p e n t agon,s exan g leB.Suffix c a n case the c h ange of p ar t s s p eech,andsom e t i me s th e m e a n i n g o f word c h anged.P ig 1 et,a rmlet,fr i ends h ip,h a ppiness，c h il d 1e ss3)Conversio nParts o f spee c h change(1)Noun turne d t o v e-b：fo r m to fo r m,heatt o h e a t(2)A d j ec t i v e t u r n e d t o ver b:s 1 ow-to slow,d i rect to dir e c t(3)Adjective turn e d t o noun:Wo u n d-em the wound e d,beauti f u 1 th ebeaut i fu 1(4)Adverb tu r ned t o verbt-d o wn to down2.Th e w o r d of sp e c ial purp o se e x t ension in v e r t ica1 a nd h o r iz o n t al1)T he wor d s o f spe c ia 1 purpos e in ve r t i cal ext ension(1)The w o r ds from Gr e ece an d L atin word element5 0 70%E nglish w o r d s are come f r om Gr e ece an dLatin.A.The c ompound m e th o d from G r e e c e and Lati n wo rd e lem e n tsM a n y d e r i v a t i v e w o r d s a r e compoun d ed fro mmo r e t han thr e e wor d eleme n t sPol y av i t a min o s i s po 1 y-a-vit a-amin(o)-os i sP olyu r ia p olytr o phy ami n o a c id ac i d os i sleucoc y t osisLeucocyt(a)emiaB.One s tem of o r g a n c a n compo s ed to n ew w o rd wi th su f f i x of d i s e a se,s y mptom,sk i 1 1 t r m in o l o g yo r g a n-alg i a-r ragi a-otom y-rrh a p h y-p I a st y-i t is-0 ma-os i s-c e 1 eEnte r o-e nte r o-entero-entero-enter o-en t ero-ente r o-e n tero 一 entero-entero-algia r r ag i a tom y r r hap h y p 1 as t y tisc e 1 eg a stro-gas t r o-g a stro-gas t r o-g a s t r o-gas t r o-gast r i-gastro-g a s t r o-alg i a rragia to m y r r haph y p 1 a st y t i she p at o hepatal-hepa t o-h e pa t o-hepato-h e pati-hepato-h e pato-h epato-g i a r r a g i a to m y rrhap h ysis celet is maC.V e rtical exten s io n i n some hema t o 1 o g y n ountermin o 1 ogyhaemoc y t e-mye 1 o-1 y mpho-m o no-m e gaca r yo-e r y t ha s th aemoc y t oblastm y el o b 1 a s t-b last 1 y mphoblastmono b 1 a s tme g a cary o b laste r y t hrob 1p ro-+myelo+cyte p r omy e 1 o cyteme t a+m y elo+cyt e metam yelocy t eF u r t h ermore,a b ove m e ntion e d t h e c e 1 1 words c a n added with other s u f f i x,e.g.-bias t(o)osis,c y t oh a e mi a,-oma e t c.2)Th e c h a ra c ter o f Greece and Lati n a n d rule o f synthes is(1)The m o r phem o f Gree c e a n d Latin is a s same a s c ommon En g 1 ish w o r d structure,a n d it i s divided in to pr e fix,ro o t a n d s uffix.A.P r e fix:G re e ce and L atin prepositi o n,n umber or wo rd deriv a tione.g.a-ale u kia,a nt i-a ntibody,d ys-dy sc o ntr o 1,B.R o ot:G r ee c e a nd L a t i n wor d s ch a ngee.g.entero-e n t e r o t o x i n,thoraco-tho r acotomy,h a e m o-h a emorrhag i aC.Suff i x：Greec e or L a tin s u ffix or w o r d changeD.e.g,-itis enteri t is,-o sis b a b es i o s i s,-to miaenter o s t omy(2)Div i d ed i n to p r i mary wor d deriv a tive and com p ou nd w ordsP r i ma r y word:e ntero-,st o ma-De r i v a tive word:p rimar y+pr e fix o r s u f f i xa n ti+to x H=H M n ant i t o x inCom p ound w o rd：compound fr o m two or m o r e w o rd sHaemo-+thora x-h aemotho r ax(3)The m a jor r ule of form a tio n and connecti o n instemA.Stem and p refi x m o s t l y com e fr o m si n g le me a nin gT a ke o f f t h e suffi x o f s i n gle meani n g wor d,if the end of w o r d i s conso n a nt,i t need s t o conn e c to”.B u t if i t is v o we d,it does not ne e d to c hange.B u tspleen is c o mi n g f rom Greece s p leen,the suf f i x isneed i ng to add o,sple n o o-.B.When the stem h a s pref i x,t h ere is a vowe 1 in fr o nt of thes t e m,t h e v o w e l i s t a ken o u t i n the end of pr efix.I f there is a vow e l in fro n t of the s tem,t h e vowel i s k e p t.E n ter(o)+i t is,o m e et”，t a k e out oente r it i sE n tero+rrhag i a,o meet r，k e/o e n te ro r r hag i aC.I f o take out,two consonan t add o,it i s d i f f ic u Itt o k now the s t e m,a d ding-in t he m i d d le.C h ondro-ost e o d y stroph i a,i n tra-a bdominalD.g ast r o+-en t er(o)-+i t i s,o meet w rt h ekeep o gastroent e r itis2)Come f r o m general Eng 1 i s h wo r ds with n e w mea n inge n e r g y,bas e,norma 1,cel 13)New word s(1)Com p ound n ew w o rd s f r o m G r e e c e a nd Lat i natom,a+t om o s,bic y cle(bicy c le t t e France)(2)Cond e nsat i on from f i r s t wo r dL a sei-Light Amp 1 ificatio n by Stim u la-t-e d Emiss-io n-o f Ra d i a t i onR a der-R a d i o Detect i on a n d Rang i ng(3)Compound f r o m head an d tail of w o r dsT r a ns f er+sistor t r a nsisto r,Post-tve+electron po s i t ron(4)T a k e pa r t w o rd inst e ad o f w h ol e w o r dG r am-mol e cularw e tgh t mo 1 e or mol(5)C h a n g e wordTele v i siea*televise,bang e r 1 a se-diagnos i s di a gnose(6)R e ver s e the w o rdFr e quenc-y q u e f renc y,filter 1 i f t er(7)C onde n sat i on w o rdAto m b orntr*a-bomb,und e-*s ea boa tu-boat(8)Co n den s a t i on of L a t inEt al.(et ali f i),e.g.(exam p 1 i g r a tia),i e.(id es t)2.H o ri z on t a l e x t e nsion of s p e c i a 1 w o rdsUsing Greece an d Lati n s t e m1)Lat i n For t h e n ame o f an i mal,p lant,m i croorganism,par a site s a nd d r u g s e t c.Nephriti s h a emo r r hag i c a a a,Baci 1 1 us m a 1 leiz opf,N at r ium chlora t um2)Tran s la t e to specia 1 wor d s f r o m Latin by different co u nt riesA v it a min o sis(L.E,W.),A v i t aminose(F.G.),Av i t amin o s i(L)S eptica e mi a ha e mo r rhagica suum(L.)Haemorrha g ic s e ptic e m i a s wine(E.)Septi c emi a(h aemorph a gique)d u pore(F.)H a e morrhagisc h e s e p t i k ami e d e r schweigne(G)3.Harf Eng 1 ish wor s a nd p h ra s se of Scien c e and te chnologyI t means that using a nd mean i n g ar e c h ang e d f r o mg e n e r a l English.S p e c imen,sample,g e rm,case,carr i erSec t ion 3 Gr a mm a r for E n g 1 ish of science a nd t e chnolo g y1.Usi n g p a s s i v e vo i c e One thir d v er b s a re using p as s i ve v o i ce in E ngl i s h f or science a nd te c hnol o gy.B e c a u s e the a r t icle o f s cien c e a nd technolo g y are introduc e d the outc o me an d results.1)T h e sentence with o u t per s onUsin g pas s ive voice i s more conf i den c e.Re s e a r c h w as bei n g d one.Para s it e s have t o b e c o nt r ol 1 ed.Par a s i tes ha v e co n t r o 1 led.2)express i o n the n e