建筑学专业英语modernhousingprototypes现代住宅的原型.docx

（完整版）建筑学专业英语modernhousingprototypes现代住宅的原型two-level unit 复式单元single-loaded 外廊式double-loaded adj.内廊式Walk-up n.无电梯的公寓/adj.无电梯的skip-stop corridor隔层设置的走廊corridor-every-floor每层设置走廊的vertical circulation system 垂直交通系统low-rise adj.低层;high-rise adj.高层rowhouse adj.联排式住宅；slab n.板式住宅；tower n.塔式住宅Single-orientation unit 单一朝向单元Double-Orientation Unit 90。转角单元Double-Orientation Unit, open-ended 双向开敞的单元natural light自然采光natural ventilation 自然通风mechanical ventilation 机械通风transverse walls 横墙building codes 建筑规程staggered- plan交错变化的平面auxiliary mean 辅助设施self-contained adj.设备齐全的single-run单跑楼梯return stairs双跑楼梯英汉互译包含在以下加粗部分及最后一堂课讲到的例子中。Unit 10 Section 1Intensive ReadingModern Housing Prototypes现代住宅的原型Roger Sherwood （罗杰舍伍德）个明显的缺点就是：厨房,以及在某些情况下洗浴室占用了对于起居 室和卧室来说更好的外表面，因为在很多建筑规程里厨房和洗浴室不 需要自然采光和通风。一个糟糕的平面会导致厨房在一边横墙而洗浴 室在另一边。同时，核心元素想要创造的空白的外墙(特别是用在厨 房和浴室的典型的小窗子)产生立面问题：这些空白表面也和更好一 面的形式特征相抵触。The typical unit may include a scheme where the kitchen and bath are together on one wall with the kitchen to the outside, like the Sorgenfri block in Malmo, Sweden, by Jaenecke and Samuelson (Figure 11-1). Other variations include two-story units such as Lincoln Estate slab by J. L Martin (Figure 11-2). Here two units interlock around an interior core of stairs and toilets; the kitchen in each unit is in a zone along the transverse wall on one side of the building. Park Hill (Figure 10-2) has a similar arrangement although it employs an alternate level corridor; the floor above and below the corridor level are double-orientation unit types （open both front and rear）, with the kitchens lining up on one side of the building.典型的单元包括这样一种方案，厨房和浴室一起占据同一面墙而 厨房靠外，就像由Jaenecke和Samuelson在瑞典马尔莫设计的 sorgenfri社区（图11-1） o其他的变化包括二层单元，像J.LMartin 设计的林肯酒庄板式楼（Lincoln Estate）（图11-2 ）。两个单元围绕室 内的楼梯、卫生间核心相互结合在一起；在每个单元中，厨房处于一 个沿横墙的区域里布置在建筑的一边。Park Hill有着相似的布局（图 10-2 ）,虽然他采用了另外一种水平廊道。廊道上下的楼层是双向开 敞的单元形式（前后都开门），厨房排成一行布置在建筑的一侧。FIGURE 11-1 Sorgenfri apartment block,Malmo, Sweden, Jaenecke and Samuelson, 1959FIGURE 11-2 Lincoln Estate, London. Martin, Bennett, and Lewis, 1960.Unit 12Section 1Intensive ReadingModern Housing PrototypesRoger SherwoodPart rnSingle-orientation unit; interior core along the corridor .单 一朝向单元；内部核心沿走廊布置。In the more common type of single-orientation unit, the core elements are arranged in a zone parallel and adjacent to the corridor. Entrance is through this zone into the main spaces of the apartment, thus letting the major rooms open to the preferred side of the building. The kitchen and bath are interior spaces with mechanical ventilation. This simpler plan usually features a compact back-to-back kitchen and bath grouping and clear, consistent zoning of spaces. The double-loaded corridor slabs designed by Mies van der Rohe (Figure 12-1) are planned this way. He modifies the idea slightly in the Lake Shore Drive apartments (Figure 12-2), where the bath and kitchen are back- to-back but the kitchen opens to the major spaces on the preferred side. Although more typically a plan for double-loaded corridor buildings (where apartments are located on both sides of the corridor), the type is also used for single-loaded or accessgallery plans. The Lambie Street project by Powell and Moya (Figure 12-3) is an example of this type. Or, for a lower density type, there are the courtyard houses by Korhonen and Laapotti in Finland (Figure 12-4).在多数普遍的单一朝向单元中，核心元素被布置在平行和紧邻走廊的区域。入口通过这个区域进入到住宅的主要空间，这样使得建筑 的主要房间能向更好的朝向开敞。厨房和浴室设在内部空间，带有机 械通风设备。这种简单的平面通常以紧密相连的厨房、浴室组团和清 晰连续的空间划分为特征。由密斯凡德罗（Mies van der Rohe ）设 计的内廊式板式建筑就是以这种方式设计的（图12-1）。他在湖滨公 寓(Lake Shore Driveapartments ）设计中稍微修改了一下这个概念,厨房和浴室仍然 紧密相连，但厨房开向更好朝向的主要空间（图12-2 ） 0尽管这种设计在内廊式建筑中更为典型（房间在走廊两边均有布置），但这种类 型也同样适用于外廊式和走廊进入式的平面。由Powell和Moya负责 的Lambie大街项目是这种类型的例子（图12-3 ）。或，在低密度类 型中，有芬兰的Korhonen和Laapotti设计的带有庭院的住宅（图 12-4 ） oAalto' s apartments at Bremen (Figure 12-5), an unusual variation of the single-orientation type, consist of fan-shaped units opening out to the site. Core elements here, although placed along transverse structural walls, are nevertheless in an interior zone along the corridor. The preston housing by Stirling and Gowan (Figure 12-6) is a two-storey version of the same type. These two are single-loaded corridor examples, but the singleorientation unit type is probably most advantageous where three sides of the unit are closed, implying a double-loaded, corridor- every-floor organization.阿尔托(Aalto )设计的不莱梅港(Bremen )的公寓(图12-5 ),是一个单朝向户型的不寻常的变体，由向基地外围开敞的扇形单元组 成。这里的核心元素，虽然是沿着横向结构墙布置的，却是在一个沿 着走廊的室内空间内。斯特林（Stirling ）和高恩（Gowan ）设计的普 林斯顿（Preston ）住宅（图12-6 ）是一个户型相同的两层的版本。以上两种是外廊式住宅的实例，然而这个单朝向单元类型可能对于那 些三面封闭的，意味着内廊式，每层设置楼梯的结构组织是最适用的。A common variation of the single-oriented unit (applicable to units with either transverse or interior core) works from a strategy of increasing the exterior surface on the open side of the unit so that more rooms can get light and air. Le Co rbusier7 s Immeuble Villas projects of the twenties (Figure 12-7) were of this type: L-shaped units around an open terrace. Although the Immeuble Villas are two-storey units with minor windows on the corridor side of the upper floor of each unit, implying a double orientation, the zone of large volumes and terraces to one side contribute to a definite preferred condition. This type can work in a single- or double-loaded situation. Bishopsfield and Charters Cross housing at Harlow by Michael Neyland (Figure 12-8) is another example of a repeating L-plan, in this case, doubleloaded with corridor walls containing only minor windows to the kitchens.一个单朝向的普遍变型单元（适用于横的或是室内的核心）工作 原理即是通过增大单元开敞一边的外表面来使得更多的房间可以获得 采光通风。勒柯布西耶的二十世纪I mmeuble别墅（大厦别 墅）项目就是这一单元类型（图12-7 ） : L形的单元围绕开放的平 台。虽然"Immeuble别墅是两层的单元,每个单元的上层面向走 廊一边有小窗户，这意味着它的双朝向性，但是大量的区域和一边的 阳台是用作划分一个较优的环境。这一类型可适用于外廊或内廊的建 筑设计情况。位于哈洛（Harlow ）并由Michael Neyland （迈克尔. 尼兰）设计的"Bishopsfield and Charters Cross”住房是另一个重 复"L型单元的例子，在这个案例，内廊的廊道上只有厨房那一面墙 有小窗口。Aalto7 s Hansa apartments in Be rlin (Figure 12-9) are basically a single-oriented type that follows the strategy of increasing exterior surface: its U-plan features dining, living, and bedrooms all around a central terrace. Schindler' s EL PuebloRibera houses at La Jolla (Figure 12-10) are also singleorientation, U-shaped units coupled together in pairs with hedges used to define and enclose the courtyard spaces.阿尔托在柏林的汉莎公寓（Hansa apartments ）（图12-9 ）是在单朝向的类型基础上遵循增加外表面的策略：它的U型平面是以餐 厅、起居室和卧室围绕一个中心平台作为特色。辛德勒在la Jolla的EL Pueblo Ribera住宅也是单朝向的U型单元，两个单元通过划分界限和围合庭院空间的树篱结合起来（图12-10 ）。A possible variation of the single-orientation type is the matte housing scheme, where a matrix of walls is built with each unit inside a walled-in area. Access requirements limit the number of collective arrangements possible, but Egon Eiermann7 s matte housing in Frankfurt of 1966 （Figurel2-ll） is an example of this type. Although there are small private gardens on the entrance side of each apartment, most major spaces open to a private garden to the rear, establishing the single orientation.单朝向样式的一种可能的变体是表面粗糙的住宅方案，这个方案 是在每一个单元用墙围住的区域内部，墙像矩阵一样排列建造。（如 图12-11 ）。入口的要求限制了单元集体安排的数量，但是Egon Eiermann设计的在1966年法兰克福的表面粗糙的住宅就是这种类型 的一个例子（图12-11）。虽然在每个公寓入口一边有小的私人花园, 但是大多数总小理*FIGURE 12-1 Apartments, Baltimore. Mies van derMies van der Rohe, 1948FIGURE 12-3 Lambie Street housing, London.Powell and Moya, 1954FIGURE 12-4 Courtyard housing, Espoo, Finland,Korhonen and Laapotti, c. 1968.FIGURE 12-5 Neue Vahr Apartments, Bremen.Alvar Aalto,1958 FIGURE 12-6 Preston housing, Lancashire.Stirling andGowan, 1961LeHarlow, Essex. Michael Neyland, 1960.FIGURE 12-9 Hansaviertel apartments, AlvarAalto, 1956.FIGURE 12-10 El Pueblo Ribera piano houses, LaJolla. R. M. Schindler, 1923.FIGURE 12-11 Patio housing, Frankfurt. EgonEiermann, 1966.Unit 13Section 1Intensive ReadingModern Housing PrototypesRoger SherwoodPart IVDouble-Orientation Unit, 90°(degrees)转角单元Double-orientation unit types come in many variations and can be collected together in many different ways. The corner type or 90° double-orientation unit may be seen simply as a singly- oriented in which one of the three closed walls has been opened up. This limits the strategies of collecting units together, since each needs a corner, and the use of this type seems to be limited to towers, smaller freestanding buildings, and to certain kinds of terrace housing.双朝向单元有很多种变型，且可以通过很多不同方式集合起来。 转角型或称90。双向开敞单元可以简单看成是单朝向建筑三面围合的墙 体中有一面打开的形式。由于每个单元都需要有一个转角，这些单元 组合的方式便受到了限制，而且这种类型建筑的运用范围貌似被局限 在塔式建筑、小型独立建筑和一些特定类型的阶梯式住宅。Frank Lloyd Wright s Suntop Homes are a good example of this type: four units within crossed party walls, e ach three stories high opening at the corner. Wright s earlier versions like the Cloverleaf development (Figurel3-1) introduced an internal courtyard. St. Mark' s Tower (Figurel3-2) and the built version of it, the Bartlesville Price Tower; adopt the same parti of four corner units with core elements on the interior. Buildings employing this kind of unit necessarily must be freestanding, with private entrance required for projects like Suntop and common lobbies for towers like Bartlesville.弗兰克劳埃德赖特(Frank Lloyd Wright )设计的Suntop Homes (阳光屋顶住宅)便是这种类型的佳例：四个单元围绕着十字 型分户墙设置，每个单元均三层楼高且在转角开敞。赖特(Wright) 在他早期的设计譬如三叶草四翼房(Cloverleaf Quadruple Housing project)中，引入了室内庭院。圣马克塔楼(St. Mark' s Tower)和 与它类似的另外一个建成建筑，巴特尔斯维尔(Bartlesville )的普赖 斯塔楼(Price Tower),均采用了四个转角单元围绕内部核心的相同 的构图。采用这种单元的建筑必须是独立的，且具备像suntop项目中 的私人入口和像巴特尔斯维尔(Bartlesville )这种塔式建筑中的公共 大堂。FIGURE 13-1Cloverleaf project. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1939.FIGURE 13-2 St. Markz s Tower, project. Wright, 1929.Other examples of one- or two-story corner units include the atrium houses at Sc hwerzenback in Switzerland by Kunz (Figurel3-3) and the Candilis, Josie, and Woods projects, whichoften consist of buildings planned to gain the corner advantage even to the extent of creating site arrangements consisting of many staggered-plan buildings in an overall system designed to maximize peripheral surface (Figurel3-4), Most com pact towers use this type: for example, the Vallingby tower by Ancker andGate (Figu rel3-5) or the Nirwana apartment buildings by Duiker (Figurel3-6)z which have a muc h larger area in plan but are organized with an apartment in the each corner.其他的一层或两层的转角单元的实例包括位于瑞士 Schwerzenback、 由 Kunz 设计的 atrium houses 和 Candilis, Josie , Woods项目。这些建筑通常由建筑平面组织构成去获得转角优势,甚至在某种程度上进行场地规划的创造,即在整个系统中包含许多错列 平面设计的建筑用来获得最大外表面（分别说出了图13-3和13-4的 手法）。大部分紧凑型塔楼都是用这种类型：例如Ancker和Gate设 计的 Vallingby tower （图 13-5 ）和 Duiker 设计的 Nirwana 公寓 （图13-6 ）,这些平面面积很大但都是由每个角落部分的组团构成的FIGURE （Figurel3-3） Atrium houses, Schwerzenback, Switzerland. Fred Kunz, 1967.FIG UR E （Figurel3-4） Cluster housing project. Candilis, Josie, and Woods, 1959.FIGURE (Figurel3-5)Tower, Vallingby, Sweden. Ancker and Gate, 1953.FIGURE (Figurel3-6)Nirwana Apartments, Den Haag. Johannes Duiker, 1927.Various permutations of the tower use a strategy of creating more exterior surface and hence more corner conditions. While many of these are not strictly 90° units, they are versions of the corner unit in that they cannot be repeated in linear fashion like the singly-oriented types. The Baldessari in the Hansa project in Berlin (Figurel3-7) or the Albany Houses in Brooklyn by Fellheimer, Wagner, and V ollmer, done for the New York City Housing Authority (Figurel3-8)z are examples of this variation.这些塔楼的各种变换方式通过创造更多外部平面来获得更多的转 角条件。尽管当中的许多并不是严格的90。度转角单元，但它们还是属 于转角单元的类型，因为他们不能像单一朝向开敞型单元一样呈线性 重复。柏林Hansa (汉莎)项目中的Baldessari (图13-7 ),以及由 Fellheimers Wagner 和 V ollmer 为纽约市房产管理局(New York City Housing Authority )设计完成的位于布鲁克林的Albany Houses (奥尔巴尼住宅)(图13-8 ),都是这种类型的例子。FIGURE 13-7Hansaviertel tower, Berlin. Luciano Baldessari, 1956.FIGURE 13-8The Albany Houses, New York. Fellheimer, Wagner, and Vollmer, 1950.Pinwheel plans such as the Candilis, Josie, and Woods project at Bagnols sur Ceze of 1957 (Figurel3-9) try to maximize the corner situation. O. M. Ungers employed this idea with a slightlyPart IINTRODUCTIONThis book is presented in the belief that a reexamination of some of the great housing projects of this century is appropriate at a time when the design of housing commands the attention of architects the world around. The buildings offered here as case studies were selected because of their importance as prototypes, projects that set the standards and patterns of much that was, and is, to follow. Other considerations were diversity -so that a wide range of countries, buildings types and problems would be represented -and architectural quality. My assumption is that there is no excuse for poor architecture; that housing, like all buildings, to paraphrase Geoffrey Scott, must be convenient to use, soundly built, and beautiful.当今住宅设计受到全世界建筑师的关注，所以对本世纪一些伟大 的住宅项目重新考究是无可厚非的，这本书就基于此观念做了一些介绍。这 里提供作为案例研究的建筑由于它们作为原型的重要而被挑选，它们 确定了许多标准和模式去遵循。其他的考虑是多样化和建筑品质，多 样化使得大量的国家、建筑形式和问题将被陈述。我的假设是任何低 劣的建筑都是没有理由的，就像所有的建筑一样，住宅套用杰弗 里斯科特的话必须使用方便、建造地优良并且美观。But why prototypes? One of the essential points of heuristic thought - the process of discovery and invention relating to problem solving - is the awareness that, until a problem is clearly defined, guesses or conjectures must be made to help clarify the problem. During the period of uncertainty, reference to analogous problems can be used to give a new turn to one' s thinking. Through the study of solutions to related problems, a fresh conclusion may be reached.different variation in the Markischesviertel project in Berlin in 1962 (Figurel3-10), Here bedrooms are put into the corners, which are solid except for small windows; the leftover void is designated as living space. Essentially, it is a corner, pinwheel parti that generates - when used in combination - a distinctive staggered site plan (Figurel3-ll). Thiswas a popular idea at Markischesviertel, and many architects besides Ungers used it像 Candilis, Josie,和 Woods 于 1957 年在 Bagnols sur Ceze 的 项目中的风车型平面(图13-9),便尝试着把转角条件最大化。O. M.Unger运用这种设计思想再经过稍微的变化，在1962年完成了柏林 的Markischesviertel项目（图13-10 ）。在这个项目中,卧室被安置 空间。从本质上来说，正是转角、风车构图的混合运用生成了独特的 错列式平面（图13-11） o这是Markischesviertel住宅中所流行的设 计思想，并且除了 Ungers之外，很多建筑师都会运用它。在各个角，墙面开小建筑剩余的空间便被设计成起居之类的使用All these projects are perhaps derived from various Candilis, Josie, and Woods schemes for cluster housing in the mid-fifties, where pinwheel blocks or towers hook up with each other to make a kind of continuous building （Figurel3-12）.由于在五十年代中期，风车式块儿状建筑和塔式建筑相互搭接（/ 交融）而产生出一种连续性的建筑，因此所有这些类型的项目很可能 都源自这个时期里Candilis, Josie和Apartment block, Bagnols sur Ceze, France.Candilis, Josie, and Woods, 1957.Ungers, 1962.FIGURE 13-llMarkischesviertel, Berlin, site plan. O. M. Ungers, 1962.FIGURE 13-12Housing block, Clos d' Orville, Nimes. Candilis, Josie, and woods, 1961.Still other strategies to increase peripheral surface and multiply corners are the slipped-slab schemes such as this by A/S Dominia in Copenhagen （Figurel3-13）. Lasdun in the Bethnal Green towers （Figurel3-14） uses the same idea, as does Aalt