语言学课后练习参考答案.pdf

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案C hapter I Introductionl.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.FI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.T2.Linguistics studies particular language,not languages in general.F3.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.I;4.In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on languagefacts and checked against the observed facts.T5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.T6.General linguistics,which relates itself to the research of other areas,studies the basic concepts,theories,descriptions,models and methodsapplicable in any linguistic study.E7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.T8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.F9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words iscalled morphology.T10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes,but also the combination of morphemes into words and words intosentences.F11.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.T12.B oth semantics and pragmatics study meanings.T13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaningnot in isolation,but in context.T14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.T15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.T16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive,but sometimes descriptive.F17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.T18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some pointin time.F19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary,not the writtenlanguage.F20.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.deSaussure.FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:21.knowledge 22.abstract 23.Duality 24.arbitrary25.syntax 26.genetic 27.Parole 28.applied 29.productive30.scientific(or systematic)21.Chomsky defines“competence“as the ideal user s k of therules of his language.22.Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the membersof a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventionsand application of the rules.23.D is one of the design features of human language which refers tothe pheno 广告网址 n that language consists of two levels:a lower level ofmeaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24.Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called s.26.Human capacity for language has a g basis,but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.27.P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement ofsome practical problems.The study of such applications is generally known asa linguistics.29.Language is p in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users.In other words,they can produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have neverheard before.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s _ study of language.III.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement.31.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.D31.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse,it is said to be.A.prescriptive B.analyticC.descriptive D.linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A.Arbitrariness B.DisplacementC.Duality D.Meaningfulness33.Modern linguistics regards the written language as.A.primary B.correct C.secondary D.stable34.In modern linguistics,speech is regarded as more basic than writing,becauseA.in linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue D.All of the above35.A historical study of language is a study of language.A.synchronic B.diachronicC.prescriptive D.comparative36.Saussure took a(n)view of language,while Chomsky looks atlanguage from a point of view.A.sociological psychological B.psychological sociologicalC.applied*pragmatic D.semantic and linguistic37.According to F.de Saussure,_ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A.parole B.performance C.langue D.Language38.Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connectionbetween and meanings.A.sense B.sounds C.objects D.ideas39.Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker.This feature is called,A.displacement B.duality C.flexibility D.cultural transmission40.The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to thenext through ,rather than by instinct.A.learning B.teaching C.books D.both A and BIV.Define the following terms:41.Linguistics 42.Phonology 43.Syntax 44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics 46.Language 47.Phonetics 48.Morphology 49.Semantics 50.Sociolinguistics 51.Applied Linguistics52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54.Displacement 55.Duality 56.Design Features 57.Competence 58Performance 59.Langue 60 ParoleV.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Giveexamples for illustration if necessary:61.Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedfor human communication.Explain it in detail.62.What are the design features of human language?Illustrate them with examples.63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachronic study?65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the written?66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67.How do you understand competence and performance?68.Saussure,s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance.What do you think are theirmajor differences?69.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary?Why?I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with theletter given:21.knowledge 22.abstract 23.Duality 24.arbitrary25.syntax 26.genetic 27.Parole 28.applied 29.productive30.scientific(or systematic)III.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that canbest complete the statement.31.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV.Define the following terms:41.Linguistics:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.42.Phonology:The study of how sounds are put together and used incommunication is called phonology.43.Syntax:The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentencesis called syntax.44.Pragmatics:The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.45.Psycholinguistics:The study of language with reference to the workingsof mind is called psycholinguistics.46.Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.47.Phonetics:The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communicationis called phonetics.48.Morphology:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to formwords is called morphology.49.Semantics:The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50.Sociolinguistics:The study of language with reference to society is calledsociolinguistics.51.Applied linguistics:In a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching andlearning,especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.In a broadsense,it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution ofpractical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52.Arbitrariness:It is one of the design features of language.It means thatthere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53.Productivity:Language is productive or creative in that it makes possiblethe con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54.Displacement:Displacement means that language can be used to refer tothings which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.In other words,language can be usedto refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55.Duality:The duality nature of language means that language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure,or two levels,one of sounds and theother of meanings.56.Design features:Design features refer to the defining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system of communication57.C ompetence:C homsky defines competence as the ideal user，s knowledge ofthe rules of his language,58.Performance:performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge ofthe rules in linguistic communication.59.langue:Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community;Langue is the set of conventions and rules whichlanguage users all have to follow;Langue is relatively stable,it does not changefrequently60.Parole:Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use;paroleis the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules;parolevaries from person to person,and from situation to situation.V.A nswer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Giveexamples for illustration if necessary:61.Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols usedfor human communication.Explain it in detail.First of all,language is a system,because elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.Secondly,language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsicconnection between form and meaning,or between the sign and what it stands for.Different languages have different words for the same object in the world.Thisfact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language.This alsoexplains the symbolic nature of language:words are just symbols;they areassociated with objects,actions,ideas,etc.by convention.Thirdly,languageis vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages,no matter howwell-developed their writing systems are.The term human in the definition indicates that language is possessed byhuman beings only and is very different from the communication systems of otherliving creatures.The term communication means that language makes it possiblefor its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62.What are the design features of human language?Illustrate them withexamples.1)A rbitrarinessA s mentioned earlier,the arbitrary property of language means that thereis no logical connection between meanings and sounds.For instance,there isno necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes.In addition,different sounds are used to refer to the same object in differentlanguages,and even within the same language,the same sound does not refer tothe same thing.However,language is not entirely arbitrary.There are wordswhich are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds,such as crash,bang inEnglish.Besides,some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary.But thenon-arbitrary words are quite limited in number.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have anunlimited source of expressions.2)ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the constructionand interpretation of new signals by its users.This is why they can produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences,including sentences thatthey have never said or heard before.They can send messages which no one elsehas ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language.Most animal communication systemsappear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signalsthat their users can send and receive.3)DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system,whichconsists of two sets of structure,or two levels,one of sounds and the otherof meanings.At the lower or the basic level,there is the structure of sounds,which are meaningless,discrete,individual sounds.But the sounds of languagecan be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes andwords,which,at the higher level,can be arranged into sentences.This dualityof structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk aboutanything within their knowledge.No animal communication system has duality oreven comes near to possessing it.4)DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which arepresent or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.In other words,language can be used to refer to contextsremoved from the immediate situations of the speaker.Animal calls are mainlyuttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5)Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language,but the detailsof any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct.Theyhave to be taught and learned,but animal call systems are geneticallytransmitted.63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive;it is based on high(religious,literary)written language.It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules onlanguage users.But Modern 1inguistics is descriptive;It collects authentic,and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data inan objective and scientific way.64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study;thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Asynchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particularpoint in time,while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historicaldevelopment of language over a period of time.65.W hy does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the uTitten?First,the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systemsare derived from the spoken form of language.Second,the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally,the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?Th