高考英语阅读理解猜测词义技巧.pdf

命 题 点 猜 测 词 义 本 类 考 题 解 答 锦 囊 英 语 的 一 个 显 著 特 点 是 它 庞 大 的 词 汇 数 量。即 使 一 个 拥 有 上 万 单 词 量 的 人 在 阅 读 英 语 读 物 中 也 难 免 会 遇 到 生 词。如 果 每 遇 到 生 词，就 查 阅 词 典，不 但 会 降 低 阅 读 速 度，而 且 往 往 使 阅 读 变 得 索 然 无 味。据 调 查，影 响 人 们 阅 读 理 解 的，首 先 是 词 汇。因 此 学 习 并 掌 握 一 些 猜 测 生 词 词 义 的 方 法，对 排 除 阅 读 时 某 些 生 词 的 干 扰，降 低 生 词 率 是 十 分 必 要 的。任 何 一 个 买 词，只 有 在 一 定 的 上 下 文 中 才 能 表 示 一 个 确 定 的 词 义。N M ET阅 读 理 解 中 猜 测 词 义 的 考 查 内 容 既 可 以 是 文 中 的 生 词，也 可 以 是 熟 词 新 义、短 语 或 句 子。但 都 要 求 考 生 根 据 上 下 文 线 索(即 具 体 语 境)作 出 推 断。此 类 题 的 提 问 形 式 一 般 有：1.Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to.?2.The underlined word,m e a n s.3.The underlined phrase,m e a n s.4.Theun derlined s e n t e n c e,m e a n s.利 用 上 下 文 的 提 示 猜 测 词 义 的 方 法 有 如 下 几 种：1.根 据 定 义 或 解 释 猜 测 词 义【例 题】(1)A calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.根 据 定 义，calendar的 意 思 是 日 历(2)A biography is the story of a persons life written by someone else 根 据 定 义,biography的 意 思 是 凡 别 人 写 的 生 平 叫 做 传 记。(3)Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of theUSAmoney,Success or expensive things to buy.2.破 折 号 后 而 的 内 容 是 对 value 一 词 的 具 体 解 释。【例 题】(l)He replied quickly.But after he considered the problem more carefully,heregretted having made such a hasty decision.根 据 耻 下 文 学 语 境 意 义，可 悟 出 quickly 与 hasty 同 义。(2)Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美 味)，weChinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked,根 据 上 下 文 语 境 意 义 得 知 raw meat 即 是 meat that is uncooked.Raw 与 uncooked 表 示 相 同 意 思 生 的，未 煮 过 的。(3)-1 think we are being watched.Really?What makes you think we are under surveillance?根 据 语 境，可 判 断 出 being watched-15 under surveillance 是 同 义 关 系。(4)During the concert,the children were quiet but afterwards,they becameboiaterous.b u t表 示 转 折 意 思，因 此 bomterous是 q u iet的 反 义 词，意 思 为 吵 吵 嚷 嚷 的。(5)Unlike her gregarious sister;Jane is a shy person,who does not like to go toparties,or to make new friends.unlike是 关 键 词，它 表 示 Jane与 她 的 姐 姐 完 全 不 同。根 据 后 面 对 Jane的 描 述“ashyperson,.not like to go parties or to make new froends,可 得 知 I gregarious 的 意 思 是 好 交 际 的。3.根 据 举 例【例 题】(l)Scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate.根 据 举 例 法(such a s),得 知 terns是 一 种 鸟。(2)7bday young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lotsof their money on appliances?for example,washing-machines,fridges andcolor TVs.根 据 举 例 法(for example),得 知 appliances 是 指 washing-machines,fridges andcolor TVs这 类 家 用 电 器。(3)Several other gases,such as argon,comprise the remaining one percent ofthe volume of dry air.SUChas提 示 argon为 某 种 气 体。4.根 据 因 果 关 系。【例 题】(l)She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in herreading.because之 前 的 分 句 表 示 结 果，之 后 的 分 句 表 示 原 因，可 推 理，她 没 有 听 见 的 原 因 是 她 完 全 被 阅 读 吸 引 住 了 或 她 正 全 神 贯 注 地 看 书。因 此 engrossed的 意 思 是 被 吸 引 的，全 神 贯 注 的。(2)The noise was so faint that it was impossible to besure what it was or evenwhere it came fronLSo.th a t.,结 构 引 导 的 句 子 也 表 示 因 果 关 系。因 此 可 判 断 出 faint在 此 句 中 的 意 思 是 微 弱 的。声 音 太 弱，以 致 不 能 确 认 是 什 么 声 音 或 是 从 哪 里 发 出 的。(3)ThiS kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather is warm,the Soilis excellent,and there iS a lot of rain。because一 词 决 定 了 flower 与 warm weather,excellent sOil,alOt Of rain 之 间 是 因 果 关 系。因 此 thdves的 意 思 是 茂 盛 成 长。5.根 据 句 意 或 上 下 文 语 境 例 1 If he think she can invitemeout,he is all wet.I dont like to be with thethem.A.drunk B.sweating C.happy D.mistaken【解 析】根 据 第 二 句 我 不 喜 欢 跟 他 在 一 起，可 推 断 出，如 果 他 认 为 他 能 约 我 出 去，那 他 就 错 了。这 两 句 话 实 际 上 暗 含 因 果 关 系。【答 案】D例 2 At the age of 77,John was still playing a skill ful game of tennis,ran fourmiles everydday and seldom missed his daily swim.For a man of his age he wasextremelyrobust.According to the short passage,the word“robust”,probablymean s.Ao strange B.weak C.strong ninteresting【答 案】C 根 据 语 境 的 意 思，一 个 7 7岁 的 人 还 能 如 此 运 动，可 以 说 是 身 体 不 错，因 此 可 以 推 断 robust是 strong强 壮 的 意 思。由 此 可 见 猜 测 词 义 离 不 开 上 下 文、离 不 开 具 体 语 境。I 高 考 最 新 热 门 题(典 型 例 题，E卷)T-shirts out;uniforms inSchool uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U.S.A.Thafs no surprise,because they offer many benefits.They immediately end thepowerful social sorting and labeling（标 i己）that come from clothing.If allstudents are dressed in the same way,they will not pay too much attention totheir clothing,and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the“wrongclothes.Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms,but they do notrealize that students already accept a kind of rule-wanting to look just liketheir friends.The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselvescreates social barriers;school uniforms tear those barriers down.As in other places,uniforms remind the wearers of their purpose and duties.For example,when a man or woman puts on a police uniform,he or shebecomes,for a time,the symbol（象 征）of taw and order.The uniform means tothe wearer his or her special duties and sends the same message to everyonethe wearer meets.People with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind oranother.For students,the school uniform reminds them that their task for thesix or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.Some parents are unhappy about uniforms,saying that school uniformswill affect their childrens creativity.First,as noted above,the clothesstudents choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality（个 性）.They just copy their classmates.Second,students have the rest of the day to beas creative as they like.While theyre in school,their job is to master reading,writing,and math;this should take up all the creativity they have.Mastery ofthose sldlls will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.1.In Paragraph 1,the word benefitsprobably m e a n s.A.tasks B.messagesC.differences D.advantages2.From the passage we learn that uniforms in g e n e r a l.A.prevent the wearers from being laughed atB.help the wearers keep their duties in mindC.are seen as a symbol of powerD.help to create social barriers3.Some people are against school uniforms b e c a u s e.A.they fail to realize that students have accepted the uniformsB.they believe that uniforms will make students less creativeC.they dont agree that uniforms can remove social barriersD.they think that school uniforms are too popular4.The author would probably agree thatA.it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or notB.students*individuality may not come from school educationC.students creativity is related to the clothes they chooseD.school uniforms help to create equality among students命 题 目 的 与 解 题 技 巧：本 文 有 关 题 考 查 学 生 猜 测 词 义 能 力。做 这 类 题 的 关 键 是 学 生 根 据 上下 文 线 索（即 具 体 语 境）作 出 推 断。【解 析】本 文 是 一 篇 关 于 是 否 该 穿 校 服 的 争 论 的 议 论 文。有 人 认 为 校 服 会 扼 杀 孩 子 的 创 造 性，但 很 显 然 作 者 是 同 意 穿 校 服 的，认 为 穿 校 服 可 以 在 学 生 中 间 培 养 公 平 意 识。【答 案】1.D 猜 测 词 义。从 下 文 看，作 者 例 数 校 服 的 诸 多 好 处，显 然“benifits”在 此 有“优 点，好 处”之 义。其 他 三 词 tasks（任 务），messages（信 息），differences（不 同），意 思 相 差 甚 远。2.B 细 节 推 断。从 第 三 段 第 一 句 话“AsinOtherplaces,uni forms remind the wearersof their purpose and duties”可 推 知，制 服（unifontt）帮 助 穿 衣 者 时 刻 记 住 其 职 责。3.B 细 节 题。从 最 后 一 段 第 一 句：Someparents.,sayin8 that school uniformswill affect their childrenscreatiVity”可 直 接 选 出 答 案。4.D 主 旨 推 断 题。纵 览 全 文，作 者 的 观 点 是 认 为 学 生 穿 校 服 可 以 培 养 公 平 意 识，对 于 创 造 性 可 以 在 其 他 时 间 和 事 件 中 培 养。Passage工（典 型 例 题 B）These days a green building means more than just the color of the paint.Green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses,factories,andoffices.Green building means reducing the impact（影 响）of the building on theland Taryn Holowka of the U.S Green Building Council in Washington,D.C.said.According to Holowka,buildings account for（占 了）65 percent of total U.$.electricity use.But green buildings can reduce energy and water use.Also,the buildingsare often located near public transportation such as buses and subways,so thatpeople can drive their cars less.That could be good for the environment,because ears use lots of gas and give off pollution.Green buildings are oftenbuilt on developed land,so that the buildings dont destroy forests.Marty Dettling is the project manager for a building that put these ideasinto action.The Solaire has been called the countrys first green high-risebuilding.According to Dettling,Weve reduced our energy use by one-third andour water by 50 percent.,The Solaire cuts energy in part by using soar power,On the lace of thebuilding we have solar panels which change the suns energy intoelectricity/Dettling explained.The Solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leavethe room.In addition,the building has lots of windows,allowing people to usethe sun for light during the day.The Solaire cuts water by reusing it.Not everyone is eager to move into a green building,however.Somepeople think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditionalenergy sources.Anyhow,Holowka said,Its going to be big.1.In the secondparagraph,the underlined words the building most probably refert o.A.an ordinary buildingB.an.energy-saving buildingC.a green-colored buildingD.a building in Washington,D.C.答 案：A 指 导：文 章 第 一 段 第 二 句 首 先 介 绍 了 当 今 的 Green building的 概 念 是 环 保 型 的 houses,factories office So第 二 段 第 一 句 指 出 环 保 型 建 筑 就 是 要 减 少 thebuilding所 造 成 的（不 良）影 响。由 此 町 判 断 thebuiding为 普 通 建 筑。2.A green building is often built on an area of l a n d.A.which has thick forests around13.which has already been used for buildingC.where people of high income liveD.where traveling around by car is most convenient答 案：B 指 导：根 据 第 四 段 倒 数 第 一 句 可 知。第 四 段 讲 了 greenbuiding对 于 环 境 等 的 优 点，A、C、D 项 内 容 本 段 未 提 及。3.When Holowka says in the last paragraph,Its going to bebig，she means that green b u i l d i n g s.A.will be more comfortableB.will become popular in the futureC.will be more environmentally friendlyD.will take the place of traditional buildings答 案：B 指 导：根 据 前 面 几 段 对 于 green buiding优 点 的 介 绍，再 根 据 最 后 一 句 中 的 anyhow所 表 达 的 逻 辑 关 系 进 行 推 理，可 知 答 案。4.What is the main subject discussed in the text?A.Dettling designed the first green building in the U.S.B.Energy shortage calls for buildings of new design.C.Green buildings help save environment.D.The Solaire serves as a model of high buildings.答 案：C 指 导：文 章 第 一 段 介 绍 greenbuilding是 环 保 型 的，下 面 又 分 段 分 绍 它 的 优 点，最 后 一 段 介 绍 其 前 景，因 此 可 判 断 C 为 正 确 答 案。Passage 2（典 型 例 题 E）Every year more people recognize that it is wrong to kill wildlife for sport.Progress in this direction is slow because shooting is not a sport for watching,and only those few who take part realize the cruelty and destruction.The number of gunners,however;grows rapidly.Children too young todevelop proper judgments through independ-ent thought are led a long wayaway by their gunning parents.They are subjected to advertisements of gunproducers who describe shooting as good for their health and guncarrying as away of putting redder blood in the veins（血 管）,They are persnaded by gunnermagazines with stories honoring the chase and the kill.In school they viewmotion pictures which are supposedly meant to teach them how to deal witharms safely but which are actually designed to stimulate（刺 激）a desire to owna gun.Wildlife is disappearing because of shooting and because of the loss ofwildland habitat Habitat loss will contin-ue with our increasingpopulation,but can we slow the loss of wildlife caused by shooting?Theredoesn*t seem to be any chance if the serious condition of our birds is notimproved.Wildlife belongs to everyone and not to the gunners alone.Although mostpeople do not shoot,they seem to forgive shooting for sport because theyknow little or nothing about it.The only answer,then,is to bring the truth aboutsport shooting to the great majority of people.Now,it is time to realize that animals have the same right to life as we doand that there is nothing fair or right about a person with a gun shooting theharmless and beautiful creatures.The gunners like to describe what they do ascharacter-building,but we know that to wound an animal and watch it gothrough the agony of dying can make nobody happy.If,as they would have youbelieve,gun-carrying and killing improve human character;then perhaps weshould encourage war.1.According to the text,most people do not seem to be against huntingb e c a u s e.A.they have little knowledge of itB.it helps to build human characterC.it is too costly to stop killing wildlifeD.they want to keep wildlife under control答 案：A 指 导：第 四 段 第 二 句 是 解 此 题 的 关 键 句。2.The underlined word agonyin the last paragraph probably m e a n s.A.form B.condition C.pain D.sadness答 案：C 指 导：通 过 画 线 词 所 在 句 子 中 的 but所 表 达 的 转 折 关 系 可 推 出 该 词 的 含 义。3.According to the text,the films children watch at school a c t u a l l y.A.teach them how to deal with guns safelyB.praise hunting as character-buildingC.describe hunting as an exerciseD.encourage them to have guns of their own答 案：D 指 导：第 二 段 最 后 一 句 是 解 本 题 的 关 键。4.It can be inferred from the text that the author seems t o.A.blame the majority of peopleB.worry about the existence of wildlifeC.be in favour of warD.be in support of character-building答 案：B 指 导：本 文 最 后 一 段 反 映 出 作 者 反 对 持 枪 捕 措，从 而 揭 示 作 者 对 于 野 生 动 物 的 生 存 的 担 忧 之 情。Passage 3（典 型 例 题）Millions of aircraft take off around the world every year.The skies they flyin seem limitless-m iles of empty space.But,with the number offlightsincreasing each year;this emptiness no longer exists.Researchers in the worldof aviation（航 空）are worried about the increasing pressure on pilots and groundcontrollers.And increasing collisions,occurring at or near an airport,have calledattention to the need for more aids（辅 助 设 备）to aviation control.People who travel the skies are not certain about air safety.A great deal ofmoney is spent on new and bigger aircraft and airports to deal with the vastincrease in passengers travelling by air.Only a small percentage of this moneyis spent on navigation（导 航）and other aids.Actually,suitable electronicequipment has long existed,and many companies market safety aids designedto make it safer for aircraft to take off,fly any distance,any land,whatever theweather.Yet,there are two problems to be solved.The first is to getgovernments,airlines and airport officials to agree to basic levels of safety aids.The second problem is to find a way of meeting these basic requirements.But no matter how well the equipment works,operators of the equipmentstill play an important role.Communications between pilots and groundcontrollers are extremely important to air safety.It is worth pointing out thatthe mishearing or misunderstanding of instructions in English,and the use ofanother language,in an international conversation,have led to two recentaircraft accidents.A new type of instrument（仪 器）called FLIGHTWATCH wouldhelp pilots prevent airport collisions.It would be particularly helpful nearairports.1.The increasing number of flights leads to the fact t h a t.A.flying is no longer limited in the skyB.there is no empty space for aids to aviation controlC.piloting and controlling planes is getting more difficultD.the pressure on the ground becomes