2022年海南同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷.pdf

2022年海南同等学力人员申请硕士学位考试考试真题卷本卷共分为2大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。、单项选择题（共37题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）1.Pas s ag e Fi v eMos t par e nt s pr i z e t h e di v e r s i t y wi t h i n t h e i r ch i ldr e n spu bli c s ch ools.Th e y know t h at le ar ni ng t o coope r at e ande xce l i n a di v e r s e,r e al-wor ld s e t t i ng i s a ke y t o s u cce s si n t h e 21s t-ce nt u r y wor kplace and mar ke t place.Bu t h ow“di v e r s e and r e al-wor ld i s a s ch ool t h at doe snot h av e any mi nor i t y t e ach e r s Th e bad ne ws t oday i s t h ats ome 40 pe r ce nt of Ame r i ca s pu bli c s ch ools h av e not e ach e r s of color.Th e g ood ne ws i s t h at we h av e anoppor t u ni t y t o r e cr u i t and e ncou r ag e mor e Ame r i cans of colort o e nt e r t h e t e ach i ng pr of e s s i on.And ou r s u cce s s i n doi ngs o can h av e a powe r f u lly pos i t i v e i mpact on s t u de nt第1页共46页ach i e v e me nt.Obv i ou s ly,a t e ach e r s e f f e ct i v e ne s s de pe nds,f i r s t andf or e mos t,on h i s or h e r s ki lls and h i g h e xpe ct at i ons,noton t h e t e ach e r s color.Kt we als o know t h at ch i ldr e n ofcolor-40 pe r ce nt of t h e s t u de nt popu lat i on and r i s i ng be ne f i t i n i mpor t ant ways by h av i ng s ome t e ach e r s wh o lookli ke t h e m,wh o s h ar e s i mi lar cu lt u r al e xpe r i e nce s,and wh os e r v e as r ole mode ls de mons t r at i ng t h at e du cat i on andach i e v e me nt ar e t h i ng s t o be r e s pe ct e d.Be ar i n mi nd t h at t e ach e r s do not t e ach only f act s and“cont e nt .Th e y als o mode l appr opr i at e be h av i or s and t e achby pe r s onal e xample.And f or many ch i ldr e n,t h e t e ach e r s andot h e r adu lt s i n t h e i r s ch ool ar e t h e mos t i mpor t antau t h or i t y f i g u r e s ou t s i de of t h e i r h ome.So i t i s i mpor t ant t o e xpos e ch i ldr e n t o a di v e r s e t e ach i ngs t af f-and t o di v e r s e r ole mode ls-wi t h i n e ach of ou rs ch ools.Wh e r e we h av e an u r ban s ch ool wi t h an all-mi nor i t ys t af f or a s u bu r ban s ch ool wi t h an all-wh i t e s t af f,we ar eg i v i ng s t u de nt s a s t u nt e d e du cat i onal e xpe r i e nce.Is s u e s of di v e r s i t y ar e e s pe ci ally r e le v ant t oday,aspu bli c s ch ools ar e r e dou bli ng t h e i r commi t me nt t o r ai s i ng第2页 共 46页s t andar ds and clos i ng ach i e v e me nt g aps.We ne e d t o s e i z ee v e r y oppor t u ni t y t o boos t t h e ach i e v e me nt of poor andmi nor i t y s t u de nt s.I be li e v e-and an i mpr e s s i v e body ofr e s e ar ch conf i r ms-t h at r e cr u i t i ng and r e t ai ni ng mor emi nor i t y t e ach e r s can be cr u ci al t o ou r s u cce s s.NEA h as made i t a cor e s t r at e g i c pr i or i t y t o i ncr e as e t h er e cr u i t me nt and r e t e nt i on of t e ach e r s of di v e r s ebackg r ou nds.Be yond NEA s own pr og r ams,we ar e j oi ni ng wi t hot h e r or g ani z at i ons t o cr e at e t h e Nat i onal Collabor at i v e onDi v e r s i t y i n t h e Te ach e r Wor kf or ce.Bu t we can t do i t alone.St at e s and s ch ool di s t r i ct s ne e dt o de v e lop pr og r ams t o as s i s t t e ach e r,s ai de s-lar g enu mbe r s of wh om ar e mi nor i t i e s t o adv ance t h e i r e du cat i onand be come f u lly li ce ns e d t e ach e r s.Ot h e r pr og r ams can r e achou t t o mi nor i t i e s s t i ll i n s ch ool,of f e r i ng e ncou r ag e me ntand i nce nt i v e s t o e nt e r t h e t e ach i ng pr of e s s i on.At t h e s amet i me,s t at e s mu s t e ns u r e t h at r e le v ant t e s t s do not barpr omi s i ng mi nor i t y candi dat e s f r om e nt e r i ng t h epr of e s s i on.It can be le ar ne d f r om par ag r aph s i x t h atA.t h e r e ar e ach i e v e me nt g aps be t we e n maj or i t y and mi nor i t ys t u de nt s第3页 共 46页B.t h e r e ar e ach i e v e me nt g aps among poor and mi nor i t ys t u de nt sC.pu bli c s ch ools ar e t r yi ng t h e i r be s t t o br i dg e ach i e v e me ntamong mi nor i t y s t u de nt sD.pu bli c s ch ools ar e t r yi ng t h e i r be s t t o wi de n t h e g apsamong maj or i t y and mi nor i t y s t u de nt s2.Pas s ag e Th r e eAs t h e g lobal v i llag e cont i nu e s t o s h r i nk and cu lt u r e scolli de,i t i s e s s e nt i al f or all of u s t o be come mor es e ns i t i v e,mor e awar e of,and mor e obs e r v ant t o t h e bodylang u ag e (mot i ons/g e s t u r e s)t h at s u r r ou nd u s e ach day.Andas many of u s cr os s ov e r cu lt u r al bor de r s,i t wou ld bef i t t i ng f or u s t o r e s pe ct,le ar n,and u nde r s t and mor e abou tt h e e f f e ct i v e and powe r f u l“s i le nt lang u ag e of g e s t u r e s.Wi t h ou t g e s t u r e s,ou r wor ld wou ld be s t at i c and color le s s.Th e s oci al ant h r opolog i s t s,Edwar d T.Hall clai ms 60 pe r ce ntof all ou r commu ni cat i on i s nonv e r bal.In t h at cas e,h ow canwe pos s i bly commu ni cat e wi t h one anot h e r wi t h ou t g e s t u r e sTh e wor ld i s a g i ddy mont ag e (蒙 太 奇)of v i v i dg e s t u r e s t h e one s u s e d by t r af f i c poli ce,s t r e e t v e ndor s,第4页 共 46页e xpr e s s way dr i v e r s,t e ach e r s,ch i ldr e n on playg r ou nd andat h le t e s wi t h t h e i r e xu be r ant （热 情洋溢 的）h u g g i ng,cle nch e d f i s t s and h i g h f i v e s.Pe ople all ov e r t h e wor ldu s e t h e i r h ands,h e ads,and bodi e s t o commu ni cat ee xpr e s s i v e ly.Ge s t u r e s and body lang u ag e commu ni cat e as e f f e ct i v e ly aswor ds-maybe e v e n mor e e f f e ct i v e ly.We u s e g e s t u r e s dai ly,almos t i ns t i nct i v e ly,f r om be ckoni ng t o a wai t e r,orpu nct u at i ng a bu s i ne s s pr e s e nt at i on wi t h v i s u al s i g nals t oai r por t g r ou nd at t e ndant s g u i di ng an ai r li ne pi lot i nt o t h ej e t-way or a par e nt u s i ng a wh ole di ct i onar y of g e s t u r e s t ot e ach a ch i ld.Ge s t u r e s ar e wov e n i nt o ou r s oci al li v e s.Th e v ocabu lar yof g e s t u r e s can be at once i nf or mat i v e ande nt e r t ai ni ng.bu t als o dang e r ou s.Ge s t u r e s can be me naci ng,war m,i ns t r u ct i v e,or e v e n s e ns u ou s.Be ar i n mi nd t h at s ome g e s t u r e s ar e i n g e ne r al u s e,bu tt h e r e may always be e xce pt i ons.In r e ce nt ye ar s,We s t e r n andcont e mpor ar y v alu e s and i de as h av e be come mor e popu lar andh av e e i t h e r i nf lu e nce d,alt e r e d,and e v e n r e place d,s ome oft h e mor e t r adi t i onal g e s t u r e s.U nde r s t andi ng h u man be h av i or第5页 共 46页i s t r i cky s t u f f.No t wo pe ople be h av e i n pr e ci s e ly t h e s ameway.Nor do pe ople f r om t h e s ame cu lt u r e all pe r f or m e xact lyt h e s ame g e s t u r e s and body lang u ag e u ni f or mly.For almos tany g e s t u r e s t h e r e wi ll pr obably be a mi nor i t y wi t h i n a g i v e nnat i onali t y wh o mi g h t s ay,“We ll,s ome mi g h t at t ach t h atme ani ng t o i t,bu t t o me i t me ans.and t h e n t h e y wi llpr ov i de a di f f e r e nt i nt e r pr e t at i on.In t h e wor ld of g e s t u r e s,t h e be s t s i ng le pi e ce of adv i cei s t o r e me mbe r t h e t wo A s-as k and be awar e.If yous e e a mot i on or g e s t u r e t h at i s ne w or conf u s i ng,as k a localpe r s on wh at i t s i g ni f i e s.Th e n,be awar e of t h e many bodys i g ns and cu s t oms ar ou nd you.Wh at can we le ar n f r om t h i spas s ag eA.Body lang u ag e i s s t at i c and color le s s.B.Body lang u ag e can be v e r y amu s i ng.C.Body lang u ag e i s u ni v e r s al t h e r e f or e t h e i nt e r pr e t at i onsof i t ar e always i de nt i cal.D.No one can commu ni cat e wi t h ou t body lang u ag e.3.Pas s ag e Fou rAme r i can cu lt u r e h as not be e n i mmu ne t o cu lt u r al i nf lu e nce s第6页 共 46页f r om ou t s i de.Th e i de a of de mocr acy came f r om t h e anci e ntGr e e ks:t h e Indu s t r i al Re v olu t i on s t ar t e d i n Eng land:j az zand r ock mu s i c pr e s e r v e Af r i can r h yt h ms-t o pi ck a f e we xample s.Inde e d,many of t h e t h i ng s we t h i nk of as ”100pe r ce nt Ame r i can came f r om ot h e r cu lt u r e s.St i ll,mos t of t h e ch ang e s i n Ame r i can cu lt u r e ov e r t h e las tce nt u r y h av e come f r om wi t h i n,as t h e r e s u lt of i nv e nt i onsand di s cov e r i e s.And ch ang e h as be e n dr amat i c.One h u ndr e dye ar s ag o t h e U ni t e d St at e s was lar g e ly a nat i on of f ar me r s.Many of t h e t h i ng s we t ake f or g r ant e d t oday-ah i g h s ch oole du cat i on,f or e xample,or i ndoor plu mbi ng we r e lu xu r i e st h e n.Th e moon was a li g h t f or lov e r s,not a s i t e f ors ci e nt i f i c e xplor at i on;g e ne t i c e ng i ne e r i ng (基因工程)wasnot e v e n a s u bj e ct f or s ci e nce f i ct i on,mu ch le s s f orlabor at or y r e s e ar ch and cor por at e i nv e s t me nt s.Th e de cade sf ollowi ng t h e Se cond Wor ld War,i n par t i cu lar,we r ech ar act e r i z e d by s pe ct acu lar s ci e nt i f i c and t e ch nolog i caladv ance s,nat i onal s e lf-conf i de nce,opt i mi s m,and(f or manyAme r i cans)pr os pe r i t y.Th e Ame r i can e conomy was t h es t r ong e s t i n t h e wor ld:mor e g oods we r e pr odu ce d and s old,mor e pe ople we r e wor ki ng,and t h e s t andar d of li v i ng was第7页 共 46页h i g h e r t h an e v e r be f or e.Polls （民意调查）t ake n i n t h e 1950sand 1960s s h ow t h at t h e av e r ag e Ame r i can was pr e occu pi e dwi t h t h e qu e s t i ons wi ll I make a g ood li v i ng Wi ll I bes u cce s s f u l and Wi ll I r ai s e s u cce s s f u l,h appy ch i ldr e nSu cce s s was de f i ne d i n t e r ms of mai nt ai ni ng a s t able f ami lyand ke e pi ng u p wi t h t h e Jone s.Mos t Ame r i cans be li e v e dt h at i f t h e y playe d by t h e r u le s-i f t h e y wor k h ar d and di dwh at was e xpe ct e d,i f t h e y s acr i f i ce d t h e i r own ne e ds t ot h os e of t h e i r f ami ly and t h e i r e mploye r-t h e y wou ld ber e war de d wi t h an e v e r-i ncr e as i ng s t andar d of li v i ng,ade v ot e d s pou s e,and de ce nt ch i ldr e n.An e xpe ns i v e car,as u bu r ban h ome,and ch i ldr e n i n colle g e we r e t ang i ble （可触知的）s i g ns t h at h ar d wor k and s e lf-s acr i f i ce pai d of f.Canyou pr e di ct wh at t h i s ar t i cle wi ll cont i nu e t o di s cu s s i nt h e f or t h comi ng par ag r aphA.Th e i nf lu e nce of Af r i can cu lt u r e.B.Th e Ame r i can cu lt u r e ch ang e s i n 1970s.C.Th e i nf lu e nce of Ame r i can cu lt u r e.D.Th e de v e lopme nt of s ci e nce and t e ch nolog y.4.第8页 共 46页Pas s ag e OneTh e wor ld i s f u ll cf ne w h or r or s and t h e r e s no place t oh i de.Wh o s ays s o Di s as t e r ps ych olog i s t s,f or a s t ar t.Th e yar e t h e pe ople wh o t ake i n t h e bi g pi ct u r e of ou r colle ct i v er e act i ons t o h u man-cr e at e d di s as t e r,t h e ways t h e s er e act i ons ar e cau s e d,and ou r copi ng me ch ani s ms.Andr e s e ar ch i nt o di s as t e r ps ych olog y i s g r owi ng f as t.Among t h e bi g i s s u e s be i ng addr e s s e d by t h e s e r e s e ar ch e r sar e u nde r s t andi ng t h e t e r r or i s t s we apons,as s e s s i ng t h ef u ll i mpact of t e r r or i s m一 一and,cr u ci ally,wor ki ng ou t wh i chps ych olog i cal appr oach e s act u ally wor k.It s a de e plycont r ov e r s i al ar e a.Take t h e wor k of De nni s Embr y as an e xample.He ar g u e s t h atwe h av e ov e r looke d t h e obv i ou s:t h e pu r pos e of t e r r or i s m i st o cr e at e t e r r or.Th i s wor ks be s t i f t h e v e r y s ymbols ofe v e r yday li f e be come condi t i one d f e ar and anxi e t ys t i mu lant”.Th e t op t ar g e t s wi ll be t h e mos t s ymboli c of anat i on s dai ly li f e,pr e f e r ably s e r v e d u p f or pr i me-t i met e le v i s i on.Cr as h i ng plane s f r om U ni t e d and Ame r i canAi r li ne s i nt o t h e Twi n Towe r s and t h e Pe nt ag on me t t h os eobj e ct i v e s al 1 t oo pe r f e ct ly.Af t e r t h e at t acks,pe ople第9页 共 46页s t oppe d f lyi ng.Wh y Not be cau s e t h e y h ad made a r at i onal r i s kas s e s s me nt bu t be cau s e t h e me r e t h ou g h t of f lyi ng made t h e i rpalms s we at.Fr om t e r r or i s m t o r ai l cr as h e s,cou ns e li ng and“de br i e f i ng”（盘问）ar e t h e s t andar d r e s pons e t o h e lp t h os ecau g h t u p i n di s as t e r s.Bu t t h e r e ar e g r owi ng dou bt s abou tt h e i r e f f e ct i v e ne s s.Wh at mi g h t be g oi ng wr ong De br i e f i ngf ocu s e s on g e t t i ng pe ople t o t alk t h r ou g h t h e t r au ma（损伤）and i t s e mot i onal cons e qu e nce s s oon af t e r t h e i nci de nt.Cou ld i t be t h at s ome pe ople ar e be t t e r by di s t anci ngt h e ms e lv e s f r om wh at h appe ne d,r at h e r t h an r e t e lli ng i tIf di s as t e r ps ych olog i s t s want t o f i nd be t t e r ways t o h e lp,t h e y 11 h av e t o wi n t h e r ace be t we e n ou r u nde r s t andi ng ofh u man ps ych olog y and t h e t e r r or i s t s .Wh y do pe ople u s u allys t op f lyi ng af t e r t e r r or i s t at t acksA.Be cau s e t h e y ar e t e r r i f i e d of f lyi ng.B.Be cau s e t h e y be li e v e i n r at i onal r i s k as s e s s me nt.C.Be cau s e t h e i r palms wi ll be come t oo s we at y f or t h e m t of ly.D.Be cau s e t h e y c an t de ci de wh i ch ai r li ne wi ll be t h es af e s t.第10页 共 46页5.Ch i ldr e n mode l t h e ms e lv e s lar g e ly on t h e i r par e nt s.Th e ydo s o mai nly t h r ou g h i de nt i f i cat i on.Ch i ldr e n i de nt i f y(56)a par e nt wh e n t h e y be li e v e t h e y h av e t h e qu ali t i e s andf e e li ng s t h at ar e (57)of t h at par e nt.Th e t h i ng s par e nt sdo and s ay-and t h e (58)t h e y do and s ay t o t h e m-s t r ong lyi nf lu e nce a ch i ld,s (59).A par e nt s act i ons (60)af f e ct t h e s e lf i mag e t h at a ch i ldf or ms (61)i de nt i f i cat i on.Ch i ldr e n wh o s e e mai nly pos i t i v equ ali t i e s i n t h e i r (62)wi ll li ke ly le ar n t o s e e t h e ms e lv e si n a pos i t i v e way.Ch i ldr e n wh o obs e r v e ch i e f ly(63)qu ali t i e s i n t h e i r par e nt s wi ll h av e di f f i cu lt y(64)pos i t i v e qu ali t i e s i n t h e ms e lv e s.Ch i ldr e n may(65)t h e i rs e lf i mag e,h owe v e r,as t h e y be come i ncr e as i ng ly(66)bype e r g r ou ps:In t h e cas e of a dr amat i c ch ang e i n f ami ly r e lat i ons,t h e(67)of an act i v i t y or e xpe r i e nce de pe nds on h ow t h e ch i ldi nt e r pr e t s i t.Ch i ldr e n i nt e r pr e t s u ch e v e nt s accor di ng t ot h e i r e s t abli s h e d at t i t u de s and pr e v i ou s t r ai ni ng.Ch i ldr e nwh o know t h e y ar e lov e d can,(68),acce pt t h e di v or ce of第n页 共46页t h e i r par e nt s or a par e nt s e ar ly(69).Bu t i f ch i ldr e nf e e l u nlov e d,t h e y may i nt e r pr e t s u ch e v e