高中英语语法大全分词法和句法.pdf
高中英语语法大全第 一 部 分 词 法第1章 主 谓 一 致一.概念:主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:The re is much wate r in the the rmos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Te n thousand tons of coal we re produce d last ye ar.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:Re ading and writing are ve ry important.读写彳艮重要。注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:The iron and ste e l industry is ve ry important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题The Le ague se cre tary and monitor_ _ _ aske d to make a spe e chat the me e ting.A.is B.was C.are D.we re答 案 B.注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C o 本题易误选D,因为The Le ague se cre taryand monitor好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用a n d 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。2.主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当 the re be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:The re is a pe n,a knife and se ve ral b ooks on the de sk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。The re are twe nty b oy-stude nts and twe nty-thre e girl-stude ntsin the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。2)当 e ithe r or 与 ne ithe r nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由he re,the re 引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:Eithe r you or she is to go.不是你去,就是她去。He re is a pe n,a fe w e nve lops and some pape r for you.给你笔、信封和纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有 with,toge the r with,like,e xce pt,b ut,no le ss than,as we ll a s 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:The te ache r toge the r with some stude nts is visiting thefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。He as we ll as I wants to go b oating.他和我想去划船。4.谓语需用单数的情况1)代词e ach以及由e ve ry,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有e ach,e ve iy时,谓语需用单数。例如:Each of us has a tape-re corde r.我们每人都有录音机。The re is some thing wrong with my watch.我的表坏了。2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:The A rab ian Night is a b ook known to love rs of English.天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:Thre e we e ks was allowe d for making the ne ce ssarypre parations.用三个星期来做准备。Te n yuan is e nough.十元够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1)代词 what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:A ll is right.一切顺利。A ll are pre se nt.人都到齐了。2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audie nce,cre w,crowd,class,company,committe e 等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:His family isnt ve ry large.他家成员不多。His family are music love rs.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词pe ople,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:A re the re any police around?附近有警察吗?3)有些名词,如 varie ty,numb e r,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:A numb e r of+名词复数+复数动词。The numb e r of+名词复数+单数动词。A numb e r of b ooks have le nt out.The majority of the stude nts 1 ike English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用 half of,most of,none of,he aps of,lots of,ple nty of等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:Most of his mone y is spe nt on b ooks.他大部分的钱化在书上了。Most of the stude nts are taking an active part in sports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2)用 a portion of,a se rie s of,a pile of,a pane l of 等弓|起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:A se rie s of accide nts hasb e e n re porte d.媒体报道了一连串的事故。A pile of lots was se t b e side the he arth.炉边有一堆木柴。3)如many a或more than o n e所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than o f作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:Many a pe rson has re ad the nove l.许多人读过这本书。More than 60 pe rce nt of the stude nts are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。三.巩固练习()1.The numb e r of pe ople invite d fifty,b uta numb e r of the m ab se nt for diffe re nt re asons.A.we re,was B.was,wasC.was,we reD.we re,we re)2.E-mail,as we ll as te le phone s,animportant part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have playe dC.are playing D.play()3.of the land in that districtcove re d with tre e s and grass.A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,areC.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,are()4.Te n minute s a long time for one who waits.A.se e m B.se e msC.se e me d D.are se e me d()5.Eric is the only one of the b oys w h o a driving1 ice nse.A.has B.haveC.is having D.are having,()6.Joy and Sorrow ne xt-door ne ighb ours.A.is B.are C.we re D.b e()7.In my opinion,some of the ne wsunb e lie vab le.A.arehave b e e n()8.W he nB.is C.has b e e n D.the Unite d Nations founde d?A.is B.are C.was D.we re)9.Eve ry possib le me ans .A.has trie d B.has b e e n trie dC.was trie d D.we re trie d)10.W hat she says and doe s nothing to do withme.A.wasB.we re C.has D.have)11.T h e r e a dictionary and se ve ral b ooks on thede sk.A.areB.must C.have b e e n D.is)12.Nob ody _ _ _ _ _ _se e n the film.It s a pity.A.b ut Tom and Jack have B.e xce pt Tomand Jack haveC.b ut my frie nds has D.b ut I have)13.No te ache r and no stude nt _ _ _ _ _ _.A.are admitte dB.is admitte dC.are admittingD.isadmitting)14.A l 1 b ut one he re just now.A.isB.wasC.has b e e nD.we re)15.W he n and whe re to b uild the ne w factory ye t.A.is not de cide d B.are notde cide dC.has not de cide d D.have notde cide d()16.The write r and singe r he re.A.is B.are C.we re D.do()17.A s I have a me e ting at four,te n m i n u t e s allthat I can spare to talk with you.A.are B.was C.is D.we re()18.In those days John with his classmate ske pt b usy pre paring for the e xam.A.is B.areC.was D.we re)1 9.your clothe s?-No,mine _ _ _ _ _ hanging ove r the re.A.Is it,is B.A re the se,areC.Is it,are D.A re the se,is()2 0.The Smith s family,whichrathe r a large one,ve ry fond of the ir old house s.A.we re,we re B.was,wasC.we re,was D.was,we re()2 1.W hat the te ache r and the stude nts want to saythat e ithe r of the countrie s b e autiful.A.are,are B.is,isC.are,is D.is,are()2 2.He is the only one of the stude nts who awinne r of scholarship for thre e ye ars.A.is B.areC.have b e e n D.has b e e n()2 3.of my b rothe rs are re porte rs.Cove ringe ve nts,me e tings,or sports me e tings the ir duty.A.Each,are B.Both,isC.Ne ithe r,are D.None,is()2 4.-W hat do you think of the of the coat?-It s rathe r high.You can b uy a che ape r one inthat shop.A.value B.cost C.price D.use()2 5.-A re the two answe rs corre ct?-N o,c o r r ec t.A.no one isB.b oth are notC.ne ithe r isD.e ithe r is not)2 6.The wind,toge the rwithrain andfog,making sailing difficult.A.have b e e nB.wasC./D/are四.答案l.C 2.A 3.C4.B5.A6.7.8.9.B 10.C11.D12.C13.B14.15.16.17.C 18.C19.B2 0.D2 1.B2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.BBCDAADBCC 2 6.B第2章 动 词 的 时 态一.概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有1 6种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:e ve ry,some time s,at,on Sunday。例如:I le ave home for school at 7 e ve ry morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:The e arth move s around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lie s in the e ast of China.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pride goe s b e fore a fall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columb us prove d that the e arth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:I dont want so much.我不要那么多。A nn write s good English b ut doe s not spe ak we ll.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my home work now.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状 语 有:ye ste rday,last we e k,an hour ago,the othe r day,in1982等。例如:W he re did you go just now?刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:W he n I was a child,I ofte n playe d footb all in the stre e t.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。W he ne ve r the Browns we nt during the ir visit,the y we re give na warm we lcome.那 时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。3)句 型:It is time for sb.to do sth 到.时间了“该.了。例 如:It is time for you to go to b e d.你该睡觉 了。It is time that sb.did sth.”时间已迟了“早该.了“,例如 It is time you we nt to b e d.你早该睡觉了。would(had)rathe r sb.did s t h.表 示“宁愿某人做事”例 如:Id rathe r you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4)wish,wonde r,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例 如:I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较:Christine was an invalid all he r life.(含 义:她已不在人间。)Christine has b e e n an invalid all he r life.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.D arb y live d in Ke ntucky for se ve n ye ars.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.D arb y has live d in Ke ntucky for se ve n ye ars.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词 want,hope,wonde r,think,inte nd 等。例如:D id you want anything e lse?您还要些什么吗?I wonde re d if you could he lp me.能不能帮我下。2)情态动词could,wouldo例如:Could you le nd me your b ike?你的自行车,能借用一些吗?3.一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:W hich paragraph shall I re ad first?我先读哪一段呢?W ill you b e at home at se ve n this e ve ning?今晚七点回家好吗?2)b e going to+不定式,表示将来。a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:W hat are you going todo tomorrow?明天打算作什么呢?b.计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to b eproduce d ne xt month这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds,the reis going to b e a storm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。3)b e +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:W e are to discuss the re port ne xt Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4)b e ab out to+不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:He is ab out to le ave for Be ijing.他马上要去北京。注意:b e ab out to do 不能与 tomorrow,ne xt we e k 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。4.一般现在时表将来1)下歹I 动词 come,go,arrive,le ave,start,b e gin,re turn 的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:The train le ave s at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。W he n doe s the b us star?It stars in te n minute s.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)以he re,the re等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:He re come s the b us.=The b us is coining.车来了。The re goe s the b e ll.=The b e ll is ringing.铃响了。3)在时间或条件句中。例如:W he n Bill come s(不是 will come),ask him to wait form e.比尔来后,让他等我。r 11 write to you as soon as I arrive the re.我到了那里,就写信给你。4)在动词 hope,take care that,make sure that 等的宾语从句中。例如:I hope the y have a nice time ne xt we e k.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are close d b e fore you le avethe room.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。5.用现在进行时表示将来下歹恸词 come,go,arrive,le ave,start,b e gin,re turn 等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:r m le aving tomorrow.明天我要走了。A re you staying he re till ne xt we e k?你会在这儿呆到下周吗?6.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has)+过去分词。7.比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:ye ste rday,last we e k,ago,inl980,in Octob e r,just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,so far,e ve r,ne ve r,just,ye t,till/until,up to now,in past ye ars,always 等,皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语:this morning,tonight,this A pril,now,alre ady,re ce ntly,late ly 等。3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如 live,te ach,le arn,work,study,know.o一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,le ave,start,die,finish,b e come,ge t marrie d 等。例如:I saw this film ye ste rday.(强调看的动作发生过了)I have se e n this f i l m.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)W hy did you ge t up so e arly?(强调起床的动作已发生过T)W ho hasn t hande d in his pape r?(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)He has b e e n in the Le ague for thre e ye ars.(在团内的状态可延续)He has b e e n a Le ague me mb e r for thre e ye ars.(是团员的状态可持续)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如ye ste rday,last,we e k,inI960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。(错)Tom has writte n a le tte r to his pare nts last night.(对)Tom wrote a le tte r to his pare nts last night.8.用于现在完成时的句型1)It is the first/se cond time.that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:It is the first time that I have visite d the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time (that)Ive he ard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意:It was the third time that the b oy had b e e n late.2)This is+形容词最高级+that结构,that从句要用现在完成时。例如:This is the b e st film that Ive (e ve r)se e n,这是我看过的最好的电影。9.过去完成时1)概念:表示过去的过去其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在2)用法a.在 told,said,kne w,he ard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句。例如:She said(that)she had ne ve r b e e n to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:W he n the police arrive d,the thie ve s had run away.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。c.表示意向的动词,如 hope,wish,e xpe ct,think,inte nd,me an,suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本,未能”。例如:W e had hope d that you would come,b ut you didnt.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。3)过去完成时的时间状语b e fore,b y,until,whe n,afte r,once,as soon as。例如:He said that he had le arne d some English b e fore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twe lve,Edison had b e gan to make aliving b y himse lf.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tom was disappointe d that most of the gue sts had le ftwhe n he arrive d at the party.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。10.用一般过去时代替过去完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或 用the n,and,b u t等连词时,多用一般过去时丁例如:W he n she saw the mouse,she scre ame d.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。2 )两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:W he n I he ard the ne ws,I was ve ry e xcite d.3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:Our te ache r told us that Columb us discove re d A me rica in1492.11.将来完成时1)构成 will have done2)概念a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:The y will have b e e n marrie d for 2 0 ye ars b y the n.至 U那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:You will have re ache d Shanghai b y this time tomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了12现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法:a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:W e are waiting for you.我们正在等你。b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:Mr.Gre e n is writing anothe r nove l,他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:ge t,grow,b e come,turn,run,go,b e gin 等。例如:The le ave s are turning re d.叶子在变红。Its ge tting warme r and warme r.天越来越热了。d.与always,constantly,fore ve r等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。13.过去进行时1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有 this morning,the whole morning,all dayye ste rday,from nine to te n last e ve ning,whe n,while 等。例如:My b rothe r fe ll while he was riding his b icycle and hurthimse lf.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。It was raining whe n the y le ft the station.他们离开车站时,正下着雨。W he n I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。14.将来进行时1)概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:She 11 b e coming soon.她会很快来的。r 11 b e me e ting him some time in the future.将来我一定去见他。注意:将来进行时不用于表示意志,不能说rilb e havinga talk with he r.2)常用的时间状语有 soon,tomorrow,this e ve ning,on Sunday,b y this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow e ve ning 等。例 如:By this time tomorrow,I 11 b e lying on the b e ach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。15.一般现在时代替一般将来时W he n,while,b e fore,afte r,till,once,as soon as,so long as,b y the time,if,in case (that),unle ss,e ve n if,whe the r,the mome nt,the minute,the day,the ye ar,imme diate ly 等弓I导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例 如:He is going to visit he r aunt the day he arrive s in Be ijing.他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。16.一般现在时代替一般过去时1)书上说,报纸上说等。例如:The ne wspape r says that its going to b e cold tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。2)叙述往事,使其生动。例 如:Napole ons army now advance s and the gre at b attle b e gins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了17.一般现在时代替现在完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如 he ar,te ll,le arn,write ,unde rstand,forge t,know,find,say,re me mb e r 等。例 如:I he ar(=have he ard)he will go to London.我听说了他将去伦敦。I forge t(=have forgotte n)how old he is.我忘了他多大T o2)用句型It is since”代替It has b e e n since ”。例如:It is(=has b e e n)five ye ars since we last me t.从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。1 8 .一般现在时代替现在进行时。在 He re come s/The re goe s等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:The re goe s the b e ll.铃响了。1 9 .现在进行时代替将来时1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如:A re you staying with us this we e ke nd?和我们一起度周末好吗?W e are le aving soon.我们马上就走。2)渐变动词,如 ge t,run,grow,b e come,b e gin以及瞬间动词die 等。例如:He is dying.他要死了。2 0 .时态一致1)如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:A t that time,pe ople did not know that the e arth move s.那时,人们不知道地球是动的。He told me last we e k that he is e ighte e n.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。2)宾语从句中的,助动词ought,ne e d,must,dare 的时态是不变的。例如:He thought that I ne e d not te ll you the truth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。三.巩固练习:1 I 11 give the b ook to him as soon as he b ack.2、Has the b ab y crying ye t?(stop)3、I don t know whe the r Mothe r me to Be ijing ne xtmonth