高三英语阅读理解解题技巧与专练——推理判断与词义猜测.pdf

高三英语阅读理解解题技巧与专练Part 2 推理判断与词义猜测抓主旨，明细节，猜词义也需要进行判断、推理。所谓推理判断就是指对已知的事实进行估计、评判后得出的结果。如何进行推理判断呢?阅读中，要依赖于阅读材料中的事实来推断。另外，对已知事实的估计、评判必须符合客观标准，否则，会造成错误的推断。阅读中的推断可以从以下几个方面人手：1、根据词汇做出推断一个单词通常有两个方面的意思，一个词典意思，一个延伸意思。例 如badly,字典意思为“粗劣地，坏地，延伸意思有“非常”等。2、根据句子做出判断有时候，一个句子所描述的人物及其语言、动作和情态也可以帮助我们做出判断。比如：The young quickly answered,I Yes,sir.”推断：这个年轻人对对方非常有礼貌而且有点崇拜，甚至有些害怕对方。3、根据段落出判断有时，要就整个段落、甚至整篇文章事实进行估计、评判，从而做出推断。推断题要求考生严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述的事实做出合乎逻辑的推论。这一类考题存在一定的难度，因为正确的答案没有直接表述在短文里，我们不可能像解答一些细节题那样，在短文里找到直接对应的文字部分作为验证，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意，并加以推敲，从而做出符合作者原意的推断。推断题可针对段落或短文的主题思想、作者的倾向、短文的论调、写作思想和特定细节等方面来进行设置，各种针对性问题都有相应的题型。部分题干列举如下：1.We can infer from this passage(paragraph,fact,example,evidence.)that2.It may be inferred from this passage(paragraph.)that.3.An inference which may not be made from the passage(paragraph.)is.4.The passage(author)implies,but does not directly state that5.Implied but not stated.6.The passage suggests that.7.One could conclude from this passage that.8.Upon reading this passage,one（We）might logically conclude that.9.From this passage,we would say that the author.10.The author probably feels that.11.The authors attitude toward.,is.12.The author seems to be（in favor of）.13.The paragraph preceding this one most probably discusses.14.The paragraph following this one would most likely deal with.15.The tone of the passage can best be described as.做猜测词义的题目时要注意推测词义的方法。学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰是十分必要的。在多数情况下，只要运用一定的技巧，照样能明白生词的含义，从而有效地进行阅读。猜词方法主要有如下几种：1.利用上下文在阅读英语文章中，解决生词问题的最有效的办法之一是利用上下文词汇之间的某些关系。这些关系主要包括同义词、反义词、上义词（表示类概念的词，如 vegetable）、下义词（表示种概念的词,如 potato、carrot bean cabbage 等）、词的集合（如 hospital 医院 就是 doctor nurse patient、medicine operation等词的集合词）、词的搭配等关系。如：First of all 1 want to introduce myself：My name is Garmen.Some people call meSmiley.I try to act nice,but sometimes I just cant do it.Some people dont helpme.In my school not everyone is nice.Some people in my school act tough with meand want to boss（同 发号施令）me around.I cant always fight because somepeople have older brothers and sisters who fight for them,but I dont.I have a cousinwho is the only one I can count on to help me.But I try not to bother him because Ihave to learn to stand up by myself to get along in life.本文中的tough与前面的nice是反义词，nice出现过两次。1 try to act nice.（我想干好。）In my school not everyone isnice.（在学校并非每个人都好。）Somepeople in my school act tough with me and want to boss（向 发号施令）mearound.（我校有些学生很坏，想驱使我。）几句中的nice与tough恰好形成对照，我们可从熟词nice推测出tough的意义。另外根据文意我们知道文中的brothersand sisters和cousin（堂/表兄弟姐妹）都属于relative（亲戚）的集合，据此可推知cousin一词的大致意义：同辈亲戚。2.利用语法或语境在阅读中，有时也可以利用某些语法关系有效地推测词义，常用的这类关系有照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等。如下面两句话：She was shivering.She had never been to war before.其中的she指的是谁?或是什么?单独从这两句话是无法弄清楚的。也许，有读者会猜测she指的是一位战地护士。那么，它究竟是不是这个意思?只要把上述两个句子放回到原来的上下文中与其有关部分联系起来，答案便会很清楚了。The dog,who had sounded SO ferocious in the winter distances,was femaleGerman shepherd he was shivering.Her tail was between her legs.She had neverbeen to war before.3he had no idea what game was being played.Her name wasPrincess.原来，句子中的she指的是一只牧羊犬。由此可见，英语中像she这样的一些词在上下文往往有它所指代的对象。只要找出这部分内容，便可以准确地判断其含义。那么，she这类词与其指代对象之间所存在的这种关系就是所谓的“照应关系。起指代作用的she之类的词一般称作“照应词”。按照应词的应用，照应可分三类：（1）人称照应它以人称代词、形容词性和名词性物主作为照应词。例如：I,you,he,she,they,him,her,it,them（人称代词）：your,his,her,their,its（形容词性物主代词）:mine,his,her,theirs（名词性物主代词）等。1.指示照应 它以指示代词、定冠词和指示副词作为照应词。这些词包括：this,that,these,those（指示代词）；the（定冠词）；here,there,now,then（指示副词）。（3）比较照应它以形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其他一些有比较意义的词语作为照应词。具有比较意义的词语一般包括：same,so,as,equal,such,similar(ly),differently),other,otherwise,likewise 等等。掌握了上述类似照应词，可以使我们充分利用上下文的照应关系，很容易地推测照应词所指代的确切意义。3.用利构词知识可以说，掌握英语单词词义最简单、最行之有效的办法莫过于了解构词法了。任何事物的产生、发展与变化都具有其内在规律，现代英语的词汇也不例外，它也是按照一定的规律构成的。只要掌握了这些规律，无论单词是怎样构成的，以及如何通过各种方法来推测生词词义。4.利用现成释义在一些文章中作者使用一个生词之后往往要接着给出提示解释或说明-让读者明白其意义。常用提示语句有：such as,be like,e.g.,for example,this is,thats,that;s to say,or,in other words,be called,mean(s)等。除止匕之夕 卜，我们还可以根据文中的括号、逗号、破折号等标点符号帮助判断。如：The food includes poultryfe.g.goose,duck,chicken),salad,bread andvegetables.通 过e.g.我们可以猜出poultry的词义是“家禽”。They wanted to murder-to kill without being known一the great man.借助破折号可猜测出murder的意思是“谋杀”。数据推算题要求就文章提供的数据以及数据与文章中其他信息的关系作出计算和推断1.要抓住与数据有关的信息，并对这些信息的含义有一个正确的理解。2.如果文中含有较多的数据信息，一定要弄清它们之间的关系，分清有用信息和无用信息。3.数据信息的意义往往不是孤立的，要正确理解全文大意，还应抓住一些关键词的意义。4.计算出的数据不一定完全与所给答案相符，但不能差得太远；题目中的数据计算有时是为了起干扰作用，其相关的数据计算题目也不一定就是答案。如下文：90-year-old Woman Finishes MarathonA 90-year-old Scottish woman has finished the 22nd London Marathon,one ofthe oldest people to complete the 26.2-mileraCe.Jenny Wood Allen finished in 1 1 hours and 34 minutes.She took uplong-distance running at the age of 7 1 and has taken part in 16 London marathons sofar.Allen,the great一grandmother,was accompanied（陪伴）on the route by twofriends who kindly finished behind her so she would not come in last.She said this would be her last marathon,but not her last race.1 willconcentrate on（集中）shorter distances-she said.61.The Sottish r unner.A.was the last one to reach the finishing line although she had finished themarathonB.would not enter for marathon race any longerC.covered the marathon at a speed of less than 2 miles an hourD.was the oldest HJnner in the 22 ud London Marathon I.ace选 项C说这位长跑者的速度是每小时小于两英里，从短race.Jenny Wood All一en finished in 11 hours and 34 minutes.这一描述可 知:其速度应为 26.24-（11+344-60）2.3 miles an hour2 miles an hour。因此 C 不对。文章中的 She saidthis would be her last marathon（她说这是她最后一次跑马拉松）,but not her lastrace.1 will concentrate on（集中）shorter distances,she said一句说明 B 项的 wouldnot enter for marathon race any longer.（不再参加马拉松比赛）这一说法是正确的。又如：The UN Food and Agriculture Organization（FAO）（联 合 国 粮 农 组 织）hasprovided basic facts about starvation（饥饿；饿死）：More than a quarter of the 800 million starving people worldwide are childrenbelow the age of five.And most of them live in developing countries.One person dies every four seconds as a direct or indirect result of malnutrition.Fifty-five percent of the 1 2 million children who die each year are killed bymalnutrition.Among 99 developing countries studied by the FAO,only32,including Chinahave recorded a fall in the number of people with malnutrition,the last 1 Opeople withmalnutrition in the last 1 0 years.1.The FAO has reported that.A.Most starving people are children below the age of 5B.More than 200 million children below the age of 5 go hungryC.Most of starving people are children in developing countriesD.More than 800 million hungry people are in developing countries2.According to FAOA.15 people die of hunger a minuteB.1 2 million children die of malnutritionC.1 50 people die of malnutrition an hourD.900 people die of malnutrition本文是数据报告，报告了联合国粮农组织对世界范围内的饥饿情况的研究结果。第一题是数据推算题。从句子“More than a quarter of the 800 million starvingpeople worldwide are children below the age of five.”中可得出：挨饿的小孩人数为800 X 1 /4200。答案为B。第二题也是数据推算题。根据“One person dies everyfour seconds”这一句可推知每分钟死亡人数是：60+4=15（人）。答案为A。阅读分类专练（）（2006 湖南卷 B）For the first time in modem history,less than half of the U.S.adult populationnow reads literature,according to a recent survey.Reading at Risk.A Survey ofLiterary Reading in America presents a detailed review of the decline of readings rolein the nations culture.Reading at Risk is a survey of national fashion in adult literary reading.The datasource for Reading at Risk is as reliable and o切 ective（客观的）as any such survey canbe.The key results of the survey are presented in the Summary”,but the report canbe ftirther explained as:literary reading in America is not only declining rapidlyamong all groups,but the rate of decline has been speeded up,especially among theyoung.Reading at Risk merely shows a great cultural change that most Americanshave already noted-our societys great turn to electronic media for entertainment andinformation.Reading a book requires a degree of active attention and devotion.Indeed,reading itself is a progressive skill that depends on years of education and practice.On the contrary,most electronic media such as television,recordings,and radio makefewer demands on their audiences,and indeed often require no more than passiveparticipation.While oral culture has a rich reality and electronic media offer theconsiderable advantages of variety,print culture affords irreplaceable forms offocused attention and thought that make various communications and views possible.The decline in reading,therefore,equals a larger retreat（减少）from participation inpublic and cultural life.What is to be done?There is surely no single solution to the present problem,just as there is no single cause.The important thing now is to understand that Americacan no longer take active and devoted reading for granted.Reading is not a timeless,common ability.As more Americans lose this ability,our nation becomes less informed,active,and independent minded.These are notqualities that a free,inventive,or productive society can afford to lose.1.The main purpose of the survey is toA.focus on the role of electronic media and readingB.show that American young people read less and lessC.give a report of the national fashion of literary readingD.review that less than half of the population now reads literature2.According to the passage,readingA.requires less attention and devotionB.demands no more than passive participationC.limits various communications and viewsD.means active participation in public and cultural life3.The underlined phrase cultural change”in Paragraph 2 refers to thechangeA.from oral culture to electronic mediaB.from print culture to electronic mediaC.from electronic media to oral cultureD.from electronic media to print culture4.The author of the passageA.misunderstands oral cultureB.doubts the results of the surveyC.encourages the Americans to read moreD.agrees to the solution to the present problem in reading（二）（2006 全国卷 A）Most people think of racing when they see greyhounds（灰狗）and believe theyneed lots of exercise.They can actually be quite lazy!Greyhounds are good at fastraces but not long-distance running.They do need regular exercise but they like to runfor a short burst and then get back on the.bed or a comfortable seat.Anothermisunderstanding is that greyhounds must be aggressive（好斗的）because they are bigin size.In fact greyhounds love people and are gentle with children.Greyhounds can live for 12-14 years but usually only ace for two or three years,arid after that they make great pets.They dont need a lot of space,dont make a lot ofnoise,and don*t eat a lot for their size.Normally,greyhounds can be as tall as 90 cm.There is,however,a small-sizedgreyhound,which stands only 33 cm.Greyhounds come in a variety of colors.Greyand yellowish-brown are the most common.Others include black,white,blue,red andbrown or a mix of these.Greyhounds have smooth body coats,low body fat and are very healthy.BecausetheyYe slim（苗条的）they dont have the leg problems like other dogs the same height.But they do feel the cold,especially since they would much rather be at home in bedthan walking around outside.1.The text is written mainlyA.to tell people how to raise greyhoundsB.to let people know more about greyhoundsC.to explain why greyhounds are aggressiveD.to describe greyhounds of different colors2.It can be inferred that g r e y h o u n d s.A.love big doghousesB.like staying in bed all dayC.make the best guard dogsD.need some exercise outdoors3.Why does the author say that greyhounds make great pets?A.They are big in size.B.They live a very long life.C.They can run races for some time.D.They are quiet and easy to look after.4.If you keep a pet greyhound,it is i mp o r t a n t.A.to keep it slimB.to keep it warmC.to take special care of its legsD.to take it to animal doctors regularly（三）（2006全 国 卷I）Many years ago,when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver,I wasdriving to my parents1 home in Missouri for Christmas.I stopped at a gas station（力 口油站）about 50 miles from Oklahoma City,where I was planning to stop and visit afriend.While I was standing in line at the cash register（收款台），I said hello to anolder couple who were also paying for gas.I took off,but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from theback of my car.I stopped and wondered what I should do.A car pulled up behindme.It was the couple I had spoken to at the gas station.They said they would take meto my friend*s.We chatted on the way into the city,and when I got out of the car,thehusband gave me his business card.I wrote him and his wife a thank-you note for helping me.Soon afterward,Ireceived a Christmas present from them.Their note that came with it said that helpingme had made their holidays meaningful.Years later,I drove to a meeting in a nearby town in the morning.In lateafternoon I returned to my car and found that Id left the lights on all day,and thebattery（电池）was dead.Then I noticed that the Friendly Ford dealership a shopselling cars was right next door.I walked over and found two salesmen in theshowroom.Just how friendly is Friendly Ford?I asked and explained my trouble.Theyquickly drove a pickup truck to my car and started it.They would accept no payment,so when I got home,I wrote them a note to say thanks,I received a letter back fromone of the salesmen.No one had ever taken the time to write him and say thank you,and it meant a lot,he said.Thank you two powerful words.TheyYe easy to say and mean so much.1.The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City.A.to visit a friendB.to see his parentsC.to pay at the cash registerD.to have more gas for his car2.The words1 took offn underlined in Paragraph 2 meanHA.turned off B.moved oil”C.put up D.set up3.What happened when the author found smoke coming out of his car?A.He had it pulled back to the gas station.B.The couple sent him a business card.C.The couple offered to help him.D.He called his friend for help.4.The battery of the authors car was dead be c a us e.A.something went wrong with the lightsB.the meeting lasted a whole dayC.he forgot to turn off the lightsD.he drove too long a distance5.By telling his own experiences,the author tries to showA.how to write a thank-you letterB.how to deal with car problemsC.the kind-heartedness of older peopleD.the importance of expressing thanks（四）（2006.全国卷I C）A study of English learning problems was carried out among a total of 106foreign students.It shows that most students considered understanding spokenEnglish to be their biggest problem on arrival.This was followed by speaking.Writing increased as a problem as students discovered difficulties in writing papersthat they were now expected to hand in.Reading remained as a significant（显著的）problem.The information gained helped us in determining where special attention shouldbe paid in our course.Although many students have chosen to join the course with areasonable motivation（动机），we considered it important to note what seemed toencourage interest.Nearly all the students have experienced some kind ofgrammar-based English teaching in their own country.To use the same method wouldbe self-defeating because it might reduce motivation,especially if it has failed in thepast.Therefore a different method may help because it is different.Variety