高等院校英语专业教材：高级英语（下）.pdf

高等院校英语专业教材：高级英语(下)Lesson OneThe Company in Which I work背景知识(Background knowledge)Joseph Heller himself has recounted the story of his early life in his latest book now and Then(1998).He was born in Brooklyn in 1923 and grew up on Coney Island.At the outbreak of WorldWar It,he worked first in a navy yard and then enlisted in the U.S.Army Air Forces,training atbases in South Carolina before flying sixty missions as bombardier in B-255 in North Africa andItaly.After the war he went through college and graduate study at the University of Southern California,New York University(B.A.1948),Columbia(M.A.1949),and Oxford(Fulbright Scholar,1949-1950).Heller wrote out longland the first section of catch 18,the start of his war novelCatch-22(1961).The extraordinary and sustained impact of that novel was only the beginningof a literary career that now encompasses eight major books as well as stage plays,screen plays,short stories,articles,and reviews.His other works include Something Happened(T974)Good as Gold(1979),God knows(1984)NoLaughing Matter(1986)Picture This(1988)Closing Times(1994),his posthumously-publishednovel Portrait of an Artist,as an Old Man(2000).Mr.Hellefs literary achievement brought numerous awards,including the University of SouthCarolinas Thomas Cooper Medal in 1996.Mr.Heller died on December 14,1999.课文要义(Main idea of the text)From his own experience,Joseph Heller tells us what life is like to work in a company,andwhat kind of relationship exists between each other from the top executives to the bottom staff.Under the high competitive system and extraordinary pressure,most people have turned to beenvious,fearful,frustrated,distorted,deceitful and disappointed.If anyone is lucky enough to beable to feel rejoiced and proud of his own achievement,yet,it lasts only for a moment.Most people are merely enduring their life in the company by doing what they are paid to doinstead of doing something interesting and what they like to do.Yet,unfortunately,most people,including the author,dont have the courage to leave andbegin to look for a new way of life.词 汇(Vocabulary)1.drain(v):make sb./sth.weaker,poorer,etc.by gradually using up his/its strength 消耗精力、金钱The country was drained of its manpower and wealth by w ar.战争使国家耗尽了 人力和财力。The illness drained his strength.疾病耗尽了 他的体力。2.bypass(v):ignore(a rule,procedure,etc)or fail to consult(sb)in order to act quickly;goaround or avoid(sth.)置.于不顾,避开He bypassed his colleagues on the board and went ahead with the deal.他未征求董事会中同事的意见就做了这笔买卖。We managed to bypass the shopping center by taking side streets.我们尽量走小路以绕过购物中心。.3.strain(v):make the greatest possible effort;force sth.beyond a limit of what is acceptable 竭力，拼命努力They are straining to succeed in their w ork.他们正尽力完成工作4The prisoner strained to get away from his captors.犯人拼命逃脱追捕他的人。4.distribute(v):divide among several or many;give or send out 分配,分发People there often complain that wealth is not evenly distributed in their society.那里人经常抱怨社会财富分配不均。New information is quickly distributed to millions of people all over the world by means ofInternet.新的信息通过因特网很快传给全世界成千上万的人。5.grudge(1)(n):resentment;spite;feeling of ill-will,envy 怨恨，恶意He has a grudge against m e.他对我怀有恶意。All over the country there is a grudge against the government.全国人民对政府怨声载道。(2)(v):feel resentful about sth.;do or give sth.very unwillingly 怨恨,不情愿I grudge paying so much for inferior goods.我不愿花这么多钱买次品。He grudges her earning more than he does.他嫉妒她挣得钱比他多。6.incur(v):cause oneself to suffer(sth.bad);bring upon oneself 招致，带来The final rewards will more than compensate for any loss you may incu匚 最后的报酬可绰绰有余地补尝你可能受到的损失。The new tax law has incurred a protest.新税法惹起了 一场抗议。7.stimulate(v):make more active or alert;cause to function;arouse the interest 刺激，促使发挥作用The crisis finally stimulated the government into acting.这次危机最终促使政府采取了行动。Better wages have stimulated them to work harder.力口薪使他们干得更买力。8.motivate(v):cause to want to do sth.;be the reason for 激发，促动He was motivated only by his wish to help me,and with nothing expected in return.他只是出于自愿帮助我，并没有想得到什么回报。The murder was motivated by.hatred.谋杀因仇恨所致。9.budget(1)(n):amount of money needed or allotted for a specific purpose;estimate or plan of howmoney will be spent over a period of time 专款，预算He limited himself to a daily budget of$1 0.他限制自己每日花费卜美元。The government is expected to announce tax cuts in this years budget.人们期望政府在本年度预算时削减税收。(2)(v):plan the spending of or provide(money)in a budget 预算The government has budgeted$10,000,000 for education spending.政府预算教育经费10,000,000 美元。10.boost(v):increase the strength or value of sth.;help or encourage sb.or sth.增强,提高Public speaking boosts your self-confidence and promotes your leadership skills.在公共场合讲话可以增强你的自信和提高你的领导能力。The government boosted security precautions to prevent further terrorist attacks.政府力口强了保安防御措施以防恐怖分子进一步袭击。短 语(Expressions)e upon/on:meet or find sb./sth.by chance 偶然遇见I came upon a group of children playing in the street.我遇至lj 群孩子在街上玩耍。As we turned the comer we came upon a group of men who were waiting for the museum toopen.走到拐角时，我们碰见一群人等着物馆开门。2.credit sb./sth.with sth.:believe that sb./sth.has sth.;attribute sth.to sb./sth.相信.具有；把归功于The relics are credited with miraculous power.这些遗物被认为具有神奇的力量。Edison is credited with the invention of the phonograph.留声机是爱迪生发明的。3.in the long run:ultimately;eventually 从长远来看；终究In the long run prices are bound to rise.从长远看，物价肯定要涨。In the short term we are expected to lose money on the book but in the long run we hope tomake large profits.短期内我们这本书会亏本，但最终我们有望大大获利。4.on trial:being examined and tested 在实验中，受审Take the machine on trial for a week.这台机器试用期为一个星期。He*s on trial for his life.他正接受自己生死的审判。5.brood on/over sth.:think about sth.for a long time in a troubled or resentful way 郁闷地沉思It doesnt help to brood on your mistakes.对所犯的错误耿耿于怀无济于事。When hes depressed he sits brooding for hours.他消沉的时候，就坐着长时间地沉思。6.look ahead:think about what is going to happen in the future 为将来打算Have you looked ahead to what you,11 be doing in five years*tim e?你是否想过五年后你要做什么？Everyone should look ahead and save a little money each year for his retirement.每个人都应为将来计划，每年为退休存点钱。7.thrive on:grow or develop well and vigorously;prosper 茁长成长；繁荣He1 s the sort of person who thrives on hard w ork.他是那种苦干有成的人。These animals thrive on the leaves of certain trees.这些动物靠吃几种树叶而茁壮成长。8.convert-*to/into:change from one form to another 把.改变成These machines convert cotton into cloth.这些机器把棉花制成棉布。Foreign money can be converted at this bank.这个银行可兑换外币。9.fall victim(to sth.):be overcome(by sth.);succumb(to sth)屈服于.He soon fell victim to her charms.他很快被她的魅力给迷住了。He fell a victim to his own avarice.他的贪心毁了 自己。10.take advantage of sth./sb.:make use of sb./sth.unfairly or deceitfully to get what onewants;make use of sth.well 利用She took advantage of my generosity,她利用 了 我的慷慨。He often took advantage of her lack of business knowledge.她对生意行情的无知常被利用。词语辨析(Word analysis)1.occur:take place,happen 发生Almost half of all fatal accidents occur while landing.造成人员伤亡的事故差不多一半都是在降落时发生的。incur:bring upon oneself 招致；遭受The final rewards will more than compensate for any loss you may incur.最后的报酬除补偿你可能经受的损失外还会有多余。2.ingenuous:frank,open 坦白的；直率的She gave ingenuous answers to all the strangers questions.对那陌生人所有的问题，她都老老实实地一一作了回答。ingenious:clever and skillful 灵巧的，有发明天才的Try to think of unusual and ingenious solutions.试试想出,些非同般的、巧妙的解决办法。3.implicit:implied though not plainly expressed 暗示的；含蓄的It is implied in your statement that I was wrong.你的话里暗示我是错的。explicit:clearly and fully expressed 明确的；明晰的He has an explicit understanding of the problem.他对这个问题有清晰的 了 解。pliment:expression of admiration,approval 恭维的表示；赞扬She accepted his compliment about her dress with a sm ile.她以微笑接受他对她服装的赞美。complement:sth.that makes a thing complete 补充物Travel can be an excellent complement to one飞education.旅彳亍能极大地补充个人的学识。5.stimulate:excite;rouse 刺激；激励Rising prices will stimulate demands for higher incomes.物价上涨会引发增加工资的要求。simulate:pretend to be 假装；伪装That naughty boy often uses tricks to simulate illness.那个调皮的孩子经常耍花招装病。6.wonder:feel surprised 感到惊奇；惊讶I dont wonder at her refusing to marry him.她拒绝和他结婚，我一点也不感到惊异。brood:think about for a long time 沉思；思虑She sat there brooding on whether life was worth living.她坐在那里沉思人生是否值得活下去。7.grudge:feeling of ill-will,resentment(often used with against)恶意；怨恨All over the country there is a grudge against him.全国对他怨声载道。malice:active ill will,desire to harm others(often used with towards)敌意；恶意He had no malice toward anyone.他对任何人都没有恶意。8.shrewd:having sound judgment and common sense 明智的，精明的He is a shrewd lawyer who knows all the tricks.他是个深谙一切个中诀窍的精明律师。cunning:clever at deceiving 善于欺骗的；狡猾的By a cunning trick he became the queens confidant.通过欺骗的手段，他成为女王的密友。难句理解(Sentence comprehension)1.All these twelve men are elderly now and drained by time and success of energy and ambition.:All these twelve men are elderly now and are exhausted,after a long time of struggling to fulfilltheir ambition for success.这十二个人现在都老了，为了取得成功，经过多年奋斗，精力已经耗尽。2.They seem friendly,slow,and content when I come upon them in the halls and alwayscourteous and mute when they ride with others in the public elevators.:They always show good manners and keep silent when they ride with others in the elevatorsthat all company members use.我在大厅碰到他们时，他们显得友好、稳重、知足，而他们和别人一起乘公用电梯时，总是彬彬有礼，沉默寡言。3.Nobody is sure anymore who really runs the company(not,even the people who are creditedwith running it),but the company does run.:Nobody is sure any longer who really runs the company(even the people who are believed torun it dont know either),but the company actually has been working.谁也不能确切说出究竟是谁在管理公司(就连那些被视为管理层的人也不清楚)，但公司的确在运作。4.and I will bypass him on most of our assignments rather than take up his time and delay theirdelivery to people who have an immediate need for them.:and I will not show him most of our work.Instead,I deliver them directly to those are inurgent need of them.大多数情况下，我不会把我们的材料给他过目，免得占用他的时间，延误了交给那些急需它们的人。5.He turns scarlet with rage and embarrassment if he has not seen or heard,of it.:If he has not seen or heard of it,his face grows red because he feels extremely angry andawkward.如果他没看到或没听说这件事，就会恼羞成怒，面红耳赤。6.They are always on trial,always on the verge of failure,collectively and individually.:They are always examined to see how well they do,always close to failure,as a group or as anindividual.无论是集体还是个人，他们总要接受审查，总有失败的危险。7.They strain,even the most secure and self-assured of them,to look good on paper;and there ismuch paper for them to look good on.:Even those who hold most stable positions and have self-confidence make the greatest possibleeffort to make their performances look good in written form.And there are a lot of suchdocuments as records and reports,on which they have to make them look good.就连那些最有把握、最有自信的推销员也会努力工作，为了在档案中表现出色，而这样要他们好好表现的材料多得是。8.The result of this photocopying and distributing is that there is almost continuous publicscrutiny and discussion throughout the company of how well or poorly the salesmen in eachsales office of each division of the company are doing at any given tune.:This photocopying and distributing will result in almost constant public examination anddiscussion throughout the whole company.They would evaluate the performance of thesalesmen in each sales office of each part of the company at any fixed time.影印和分发的结果是，全公司对于各部门销售科的业务员进行几乎是连续不断的公开评估和讨论，看他们在规定时间内表现的好坏。9.When they are doing poorly,they are doing terribly.:When they fail to sell products,they are having a terrible time.当销售不景气时，他们会感到糟糕透顶。10.who he feels has a grudge against him and is determined to wreck his career.:.who he feels has resentment against him and is determined to ruin his career.对他怀有恶意并决心毁掉他的前程的上司。11.The company,in fact,will pay for their country club membership and all charges they incurthere,and rewards salesmen who make a good impression on the golf course.:The company,actually,will pay the fees for them to be members of country clubs,and paythem back the money they spent there.And those who make a good impression on the golfcourse will receive something as a prize.实际上，公司还会为他们支付乡村俱乐部会员费，以及其他娱乐费用，如果谁能在高尔夫球场上给客户留下美好印象还会受到奖励。12.They thrive on explicit guidance toward clear objectives.:They succeed and become prosperous by following their boss s clearly expressed guidance.他们有了明确的指导，事业蒸蒸日上。13.There must be something in the makeup of a man that enables him not only to be a salesman,but to want to be one.:A man must have some special character and temperament that makes him not only able tobecome a salesman,but also to have the desire to be one.销售人员身上不仅必须具备销售人员应有的素质，还必须具有担任销售人员的欲望。14.are never held to blame for conditions they discover outside the company that place us at acompetitive disadvantage.:.are not considered to be blamed for circumstances they discover outside the company thatplace the company in an unfavorable position.决不会因为发现了公司之外不利于我们的竞争条件而受到谴责。15.In fact,I am continuously astonished by people in the company who fall victim to their ownpropaganda.:Virtually,I am constantly astonished by people in the company who were fooled by their ownexaggerated statements.实际上，公司里一些人自吹自擂，作茧自缚的行为常使我感到震惊。16.Every time we launch a new advertising campaign,for example,people inside the companyare the first ones to be taken in by it.:Every time we start a series of activities to make our products popular,for instance,peopleinside the company are the first ones to be tricked into buying the products.每当我们掀起一场新的广告宣传运动，公司内部人员便率先为之心动。17.there is a large,emotional letdown after I survive each crisis,a kind of empty,tragicdisappointment,:Every time after I pass a difficult period of time,a kind of empty,gloomy disappointmentcomes over me.,每当度过一次难关之后，一种空虚、悲凉的失望便会袭上心头。18.These exercises in malice never fail to boost my spirits-but only for a white.:These activities of evil intentions always make me feel better-but this feeling disappearsvery soon.这种恶意之举，总能 让 我 精 神 振，但又瞬间即逝。补充练习The American economic system is organized around a basically private enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced byspending their money in the market place for those goods and services that they want most.Private businessmen,striving to make profits,produce these goods and services in competitionwith other businessmen;and the profit motive,operating under competitive pressures,largelydetermines how these goods and services are produced.Thus,in the American economic system itis the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximizeprofits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determines whatshall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism,by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy,thismechanism is provided by a price system,a process in which prices rise and fall in response torelative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.If the product is in shortsupply relative to the demand,the price wil