2023年考研外语冲刺密卷15.docx

考研外语冲刺密卷15一、Use of English1> With the spread of inter-active electronic media a man alone in his own home will never have been so well placed to fill the inexplicable mental space between cradle and crematorium. So I suspect that books will be pushed more and more into those moments of travel or difficult defecation (1) people still don't quite know what to do with.When people do read, I think they' 11 want to feel they are reading literature, or (2) something serious. (3) you're going to find fewer books presenting themselves as no-nonsense and (4) assuming literary pretensions and being packaged as works of art. We can expect an extraordinary variety of genre, but with an underlying (5)of sentiment and vision.Translators can only (6) from this desire for the presumably sophisticated. We can look forward to lots of difficult names and fantastic stories of foreign parts enthusiastically (7)by the overall worship of the global village”. Much of this will be awfu 1 and some wonderful,Generally, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission does describe nuclear incidents and changes in licenses. But in 2022, according to the committee5 s letter, the Office of Naval Reactors, part of the Energy Department, reached an agreement with the commission that any correspondence with Nuclear Fuel Services would be marked official use only”.Why did no member of the public request any hearing?A. Because the general public often show no interest in such matters.B. Because the hearing rights of the public are adversely affected.C. Because the public has stamped the documents "official use only”.D. Because the public are not aware of the changes in the first place.It can be inferred from the first three paragraphs thatA.the public have access to Mr. Jaczko's memorandum.B. the agency never told Congress which factory was involved.C. the Nuclear Fuel Services is a non-profitable government company.D. documents marked Official Use Only" axe accessible to theinformed.NRC is criticized by Congress members chiefly becauseA. law makers draw the conclusion that NRC has illegal documents.B. they think NRC is hiding more information than it should be.C. the public have the rights to know any potential hazards.D. they think nuclear facilities are not a matter of national security.The word "innocuous”(last sentence, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA. insensitive.B.confidential.C. innocent.D. harmfulWhich of the following is true according to the text?A. The 2022 incidence occurred because of the carelessness of a supervisor.B. Yellow liquids in a glove box should always be handled withheed.C.Highly enriched uranium can be diluted for civilian uses.D. At least one worker has been seriously affected in the 2022 incidence.6、 The history of modern pollution problems shows that most have resulted from negligence and ignorance. We have an appalling tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequences of our actions have been studied in depth. We produce and distribute radioactive substances, synthetic chemicals and many other potent compounds before fully comprehending their effects on living organisms. Our education is dangerously incomplete.It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move into unknown territory, to explore, and to discover. It can be said that similar risks have been taken before, and that these risks are necessary to technological progress.These arguments overlook an important element. In the past, risks taken in the name of scientific progress were restricted to a small place and brief period of time. The effects of the processes we now strive to master are neither localized nor brief. Air pollution covers vast urban areas. Ocean pollutants have been discovered in nearly every part of the world.Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soil for decades and years to come. Radioactive pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations. The size and persistence of these problems have grown with the expanding power of modern science.One might also argue that the hazards of modern pollutants are small compared with the dangers associated with other human activity. No estimate of the actual harm done by smog, fallout, or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the risks are being taken before being fully understood.The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control human intervention into natural processes. The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment.Which of the following adjectives may best describe the tone of this text?A.Unconcerned.B. Humorous.C. Serious.D.Exaggerated.The text is mainly about.A.the nature of scientific progress.B. the relationship between the progress of science and pollution.C. certain factors that harm the circumstance.D. the awareness of our responsibility to environment.The author would most probably agree that the origin of environmental pollution lies inA. the indifference to the condition of the environment.B. the lack of the ability to control the progress of science.C. the inability of science to deal with certain human endeavors.D. the ignorance of the disposal of pollutants.As used in the second sentence of the first paragraph, the phrase in depth" meansA.fully and thoroughly.B.distantly and remotely.C.seriously and extent.D.strongly and unpleasantly.What the people really ignore in the debate is thatA. the effects of the modern pollutants on the living organisms.B. the present situation is remarkedly different from the past.C. the stress of progress of science to the neglect of environmental protection.D. the serious consequence followed by the development of science.11 > Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the year, or manured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. Animals fight; so do savages; hence tobe good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently一this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done一is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has worn And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or mutilated. And while today it is true that people do not fight and kill each other in the streets一while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life一nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. From the point of view of evolution, humanbeings are very young children indeed, babies, in fact, of a few months old. Scientists reckon that there has been life of some sort on the earth in the form, of jellyfish and that kind of creature for about twelve hundred million years; but there have been men for only one million years, and there have been civilized men for about eight thousand years at the outside. These figures are difficult to grasp; so let us scale them down. Suppose that we reckon the whole past of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years; then the whole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there have been civilizations for between seven and eight hours. So you see there has been little time to learn in, but there will be oceans of time in which to learn better. Taking man s civilized past at about seven or eight hours, we may estimate his future, that is to say, the whole period between now and when the sun grows too cold to maintain life any longer on the earth, at about one hundred thousand years. Thus mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and as I say, we must not expect too much. The past of man has been on the whole a pretty beastly business, a business of fighting and bullying and gorging and grabbing and hurting. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is that they willsometimes have done something else.The first sentence of the opening paragraph indicates thatA. most history books were written by conquerors, generals and soldiers.B. no one who really helped civilisation forward is mentioned in any history book.C. history books neglect the real heroes behind civilisation.D.conquerors, generals and soldiers should not be mentioned in history books.On all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world, we findA.the figure of the same conqueror or general or soldier.B. the figure of some conqueror or general or soldier.C. a figure reprsenting the number of conquerors, generals or soldiers in that country.D.the figure of a person who helped civilization forward.In the author's opinion, the countries that ruled over a large number of other countries areA. certainly not the greatest in any way.B. neither the greatest nor the most civilized.0°18C. possibly the most civilized but not the greatest.D. possibly the greatest in some sense but not the most civilized.By saying "from the point of view of evolution, human beings are very young children indeed'" (paragraph 3), the author meansA.very young children are not civilised.B.evolution does not help civilization forward.C. human beings are still at the beginning of their life on earth.D. human beings have learnt very little in a very long time.It can be inferred from the last three sentences thatA.those who have fought and bullied cannot be considered civilized.B. there is nothing wrong if civilized people do some fighting and bullying.C. even civilized people have done some fighting and bullying.D. civilized people have never done any fighting and bullying.16> Plato asked What is man?” and St Augustine asked Who am I? A new breed of criminals has a novel answer: I am you! Although impostors have existed for ages, the growing frequency(8)don't expect the press or the organizers of prizes to offer you much help in making the appropriate distinctions. They will be chiefly (9)in creating celebrity, the greatest enemy of discrimination, but a good prop for the (10) consumer.Every ethnic grouping over the world will have to be seen to have a great writer一a phenomenon that will (11)a new kind of provincialism, more chronological than geographic, (12) only the strictly contemporary is talked about and (13) Universities, including Cambridge, will include (14)their literature syllabus novels, written only last year. (15) occasional exhumation for the Nobel, the achievements of ten or only five years ago will be largely forgotten.In short, you can't go too far wrong when predicting more of the same. But there is a (16)side to this一the inevitable reaction against it. The practical things I would like to see happen一publishers seeking less to (17)celebrity through extravagant advertising, (18)and magazines (19) space to reflective pieces一are rather more improbable than the Second Coming(耶稣复临).But dullness never quite darkens the whole planet. In their own idiosyncratic fashion a few writers and cost of identity theft is worrisome. Around 10m Americans are victims annually, and it is the leading consumer-fraud complaint over the past five years. The cost to businesses was almost $50 billion, and to consumers $5 billion, in 2022, the most recent year that America's Federal Trade Commission collected figures.After two recent, big privacy disasters, people and politicians are calling for action. In February, ChoicePoint, a large data-collection agency, began sending out letters warning 145, 000 Americans that it had wrongly provided fraudsters with their personal details, including Social Security numbers. Around 750 people have already spotted fraudulent activity. And on February 25th, Bank of America revealed that it lost data tapes that contain personal information on over Im government employees, including some Senators. Although accident and not illegality is suspected, all must take precautions against identity theft.Faced with such incidents, state and national lawmakers are calling for new regulations, including over companies that collect and sell personal information. As an industry, the firms一such as ChoicePoint, Acxiom, LexisNexis and Westlaware largely unregulated. They have also grownenormous. For example, ChoicePoint was founded in 1997 and has acquired nearly 60 firms to amass databases with 19 billion records on people. It is used by insurance firms, landlords and even police agencies.California is the only state, with a law requiring companies to notify individuals when their personal information has been compromised一which made ChoicePoint reveal the fraud (albeit five months after it was noticed, and after its top two bosses exercised stock options). Legislation to make the requirement a federal law is under consideration. Moreover, lawmakers say they will propose that rules governing credit bureaus and medical companies are extended to data-collection firms. And alongside legislation, there is always litigation. Already, ChoicePoint has been sued for failing to safeguard individuals' data.Yet the legal remedies would still be far looser than in Europe, where identity theft is also a menace, though less frequent and costly. The European Data Protection Directive, implemented in 1998, gives people the right to access their information, change inaccuracies, and deny permission for it to be shared. Moreover