2019天津考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

20192019 天津考研英语一真题及答案天津考研英语一真题及答案Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation appsare available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into thewoods without a phone.But phones2on batteries,and batteries candie faster than we realize.3you get lost without a phone or acompass,and you4cant find north,a few tricks to help younavigate5to civilization,one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well6a trail,but not in acompletely7area,you have to answer two questions:Which8is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearestwater source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of freshwater.9,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,youshould10see signs of people.If youve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou maybe11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore yourbearings.Another12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to14gaps in the tree line dueto roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve15the woods.Head towardthese16to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for17lightsources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of lightpollution.18,assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look forthe19we leave on the landscape.Trail blazes,tire tracks,and otherfeatures can20youto civilization.1.ASome BMost CFew DAll2.AputBtakeCrun Dcome3.ASince B If C Though DUntil4.Aformally B relatively C gradually D literally5.A backB next C around D away6.Aonto BoffCacross Dalone7.AunattractiveB uncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar8.A siteBpoint Cway Dplace9.A So B Yet CInstead DBesides10.Aimmediately B intentionally Cunexpectedly D eventually11.Asurprised Bannoyed Cfrightened Dconfused12.A problem Boption Cview Dresult13.A Above all BIn contrast C On average D For example14.Abridge Bavoid Cspot Dseparate15.A from B through Cbeyond D under16.A posts Blinks Cshades Dbreaks17.A artificial B mysterious C hiddenD limited18.A Finally B Consequently C incidentally D Generally19.A memories B marks C notesD belongings20.A restrict B adopt C leadD expose1-20 参考答案及解析：1.生活在一个 GPS 系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的 without a phone，可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择 few，符合文意；2.【C】run 固定搭配；此题考查与介词 on 的搭配情况；run on battery 表示手机使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：put on（增加；假装；使上场）；take on（承担；呈现；具有；流行）；come on（快点；开始；要求；上演；）；语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on 搭配；3.【B】If 逻辑关系；此处考查逻辑关系。空格处所在句为“.你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，.找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.文明”；前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择 if；其余选项：since（因为，自从）；though（虽然）；until（直到）代入后，不符合语义表达；4.【D】literally 词义辨析题；空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，.找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.文明”；literally 表示确实地，真正地；符合语义表达；其余选项：formally（正式地）；relatively（相对地）；gradually（逐渐地）不符合语义表达；5.【A】back 词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航.文明”，只有 back 与前文的 lost（迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择 back；6.【B】off 词义辨析题；空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己.路径。但不是完全.的区域。你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个.是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源?”因此，根据句意表达，off(远离，离开）符合句意；其它选项：onto（在之上；对了解）；across(穿过，根穿)，alone(独白地，单独地)，故选择 off；7.【D】unfamiliar 词义辨析题；根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自己.路径。但不是完全.的区域”，语义搭配，unfamiliar 更符合要求；其他选项：unattractive(不吸引人的)；uncrowded(不利挤的，宽敞的)；C 选项 unchanged(未改变的，无变化的)；不符合语义表达；8.【C】way 词义辨析题；根据出题处的语境表述“你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个.是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源?”因此只有 way 符合要求；其他选项：site（地点；位置；场所）；point（要点；得分；标点）；place（地方；住所；座位），不符合句意表达；9.【A】so 逻辑关系题；出题句指出“生活在山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水为生，.如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹.”，此处语义逻辑很明显，考察因果逻辑关系；故选择 so，其它选项：yet（但是，然而）；instead（反而，替代）；besides（此外，而且）；不符合句义要求；10.【D】eventually 词义辨析题；出题句提及“.如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹.”，只有 eventually（最后，终于）符合题目要求，语义通顺；其它选项：immediately（立即，立刻）；intentionally（故意地，有意地）；unexpectedly（出乎意料地）；不符合语义表达，故排除；11.【A】surprised 词义辨析题；出题句提及“如果你之前去过这个地方，一定要注意熟悉景象，你或许会.快速识别出一块特征明显的石头或者树木来唤起你的记忆”；此处只有 surprised 符合题目要求；其他选项带有明显的贬义色彩，故不符合；12.【B】option 词义辨析题；本文第一段中提到“如果你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，我们会有一些技巧可言帮助你回到文明社会”，此处考查的地方就是前文提及的“另一个.：登到高处寻找有人类居住的标志”；只有 option（选择）符合句义及情感色彩要求；13.【D】For example 逻辑关系题；出题句前后构抽象到具体的例证关系（前文提到“另一个选择就是登高寻找有人类居住的标志”，与后文的 look for signs 形成抽象到具体的过程），故选择 For example；14.【C】spot 词义辨析题；此题需借助前面的语义内容及逻辑关系辅助做题；此处需填入的动词和 look for 语义相近，故选择 spot（发现），符合语义表达；其他选项：bridge（架桥，渡过）；avoid（避开，消除）；separate（分开）；不符合语义要求；15.【B】through 词义辨析题；分析：本题为语义题及固定搭配题，考查 carve 与 woods之间的关系，根据常识可知，路应该是穿过森林开凿出来的，故本句意为穿过森林开凿出的公路，故 B 选项 through 为正确答案。16.【D】breaks 语义辨析题；本题为语义题，根据上一句信息，因为人为原因而造成的 gapsin the tree line，不难判断，朝着有树木缺口的地方走，就能找到出去的路，故 D 选项breaks 为正确答案。17.【A】artificial 词义辨析题及逻辑关系题；因题干中 such as 表示举例关系，故我们首先根据例子信息可以判断文中 fires and streetlights 可以确定火与街灯的共同特征是人造光源，故本题 A 选项 artificial 为正确答案。18.【A】Finally语义题；文章后面指出假设你在人类常去的地方迷路，寻找我们在地面上留下的，因前文已经举例说明了几种情况，如当你在一个并非完全不熟悉的环境中迷路，可知此处应是最后一种假设情况，故本题 A 选项 finally 为正确答案。19.【B】mark 词义辨析题；根据常识，在人类常去的地方，地面上必定有很多标志，故寻找我们在地面上留下的标志，在此处更符合文意，故本题 B 选项 marks 为正确答案。20.【C】lead 词义辨析题；道路上的树皮刻痕、轮胎印和其他特征能够指引你去有人烟的地方，此外，本题处的单词应该与前文中的 navigate 同义，故本题 C 选项 lead 为正确答案。Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bossesof big banks.Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could bedelayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The mainpurpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmfulrisk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.Yet officials alsohope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only by banksbut also bu all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits,has worsened in publicly tradedcompanies,says the Bank of Englands top economist.Andrew Haldane.He quotes agiant of classical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financialimpatience as acting like“Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eatthem at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain,he notes,has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits from companies,can hinder a firms efforts toinvest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed“quarterly capitalism”.In addition,new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities,quicker use of information,and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-terminvesting,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and ExchangeCommission in speech this week.In the US,the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to deferperformance bonuses for senior executives by about a year,slightly helping reduce“short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay,The Wall Street Journal findsthat“a substantial part”of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage“long-termism,”such as changes in the taxcode and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France,shareholders who holdonto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rightsin a company.Within companies,the right compensation design can provide incentives forexecutives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of allstakeholders.Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has aninterest in their performance,not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.A.enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A.the conditions for generating quick profitsB.governments impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism”in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe_.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.A.the obstacles to preventing“short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting“long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers21-25 参考答案及解析：21.【A】enhance bankers sense of responsibility；细节题。题目中明确出题段落（According to Paragraph 1）及相应的信息点（one motive in imposing the new rule），因此，答案来源句则为第一段的第三句（The main purpose of this“clawback”rule isto hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust infinancial institution 这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任），那么答案基本就很容易提取出来。选项中的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance bankers sense of responsibility（增加银行的责任感）”；而其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的对应信息。22.【D】short-termism in economic activities；细节题。题干中的定位信息在“AlfredMarshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“He quotes a giant of classical economies,Alfred Marshall,in describing this financial impatience as acting.”，定位信息里的“this financial impatience”则是回指第二段首句的“Short-termism”，故信息点则为“Short-termism”，所以最佳选项则为short-termism in economic activities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及；23.【B】adverse；细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transient investors,who demand high quarterly profits fromcompanies,can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to buildup customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看 indirect、minimal 和 temporary 为中性的表述，只有 B 选项的 adverse 为明确的负面表达，意思为“不利的”，与原文中的“hinder”（阻碍打扰）对应上。24.【C】the approaches to promoting long-termism；例证题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的例子是用来支撑什么论点。原文的第五、六段则提供了具体的信息，第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状；第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“促进长期主义的方法”，与原文一致；25.【B】Patience as a Corporate Virtue；主旨题。题干中的 title 为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意；B 选项里的 patience 可以对应到全文中反复出现的主题词“short-termism”和“long-termism”，corporate 本身在文章中出现多次，所以 B 选项则为最近标题，体现主旨大意；其余选项均不能概括全文，故排除。Text 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages)overthe past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in highereducation,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another,related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called“gradeforgiveness”is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a lowgrade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that countsin calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as collegescontinue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)andimprove their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago,itwas usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class intheir first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less aboutthe grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical totheir degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,”said Jack Miner,Ohio State Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve moresuccess because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or masterthe content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said,there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needsas well.For public institutions,state funds are sometimes tied partly to theirsuccess on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better gradescan,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.And anything that raises GPAswill likely make studentswho,at the end of the day,are paying the billfeeltheyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars,which is another big concernfor colleges.Indeed,grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding toconsumers expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expecta college degree to lead a job,it is in the best interest of a school to turn outgraduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be.On this,students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments needs29.What does the phrase“to be aligned”(Line 5,Para.6)most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itC.comparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effects26-30 参考答案及解析：26.【D】The influence of consumer culture；细节题。根据题干中的关键词 grade inflation可以定位到首段第一句话，此句话的句子主干：“Grade inflation is often considered aproduct of a consumer era in higher education.”题干中的 be regarded as 对应原文中的 is considered，题干中的 the cause of（后边接结果）与原文中的 a product of（前边接结果）都表示因果关系。选项 D 中 consumer 是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具备干扰性，因此答案选择 D。27.【A】To help freshmen adapt to college learning；细节题。根据题干中的关键词，我们只能定位到文章的第二段，但是第二段讲的是 grade forgiveness 具体是什么，并没有提及它的目的，然后接下看第三段的首句，出现了 this little-known practice 指的就是grade forgiveness。而且题干中的 the original purpose 对应原文中的在第三段第二句话:“When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggledin their transition to college-level courses.”选项 A 中的 freshmen 是原词复现，help是对应原文中的 give them a second chance，adapt to 对应原文中的 struggled in theirtransition to，college learning 对应原文中的 college-level courses。因此答案为 A。28.【A】obtain more financial support；细节题。根据题干中的关键词 paragraph 5、grade forgiveness 和 colleges 可以定位到第五段的第一句，即 grade forgiveness 能够满足学生的需求，但是对应选项并没有对应的答案，所以接着往下看，提到了国家基金与他们的成功有关，得到更好地分数意为这拿到更多的钱。选项 A 中的 financial support 指的就是 state funds。因此答案为 A。29.【C】to be identical with each other；猜词题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段最后一句话：“On this,students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.”所以解题的关键是找到 this 指代的内容。This 指代的是前一句话，即：因为学生和家长都希望通过大学学历来找工作，所以学校的最佳利益是尽可能地把学生培养成有能力胜任的人，或者至少看起来是那样。由此可以的出学生和学校的目标是一致的，选项 C 中的 beidentical with 表示的