高三英语二轮复习高考分类题库考点3阅读理解.pdf

温 馨 提 示：此 题 库 为 W ord版，请 按 住 C t r l,滑 动 鼠 标 滚 轴，调 节 合 适 的 观 看 比 例，关 闭 W ord文 档 返 回 原 板 块。一、科 普 知 识 类.1二、广 告 宣 传 类.24三、政 治 经 济 类 类.40四、人 物 传 记 类.47五、文 化 教 育 类.53六、社 会 生 活 类.81七、环 境 保 护 类.160八、文 学 艺 术 类.176考 点 3 阅 读 理 解 一、科 普 知 识 类（2015全 国 卷 II 阅 读 理 解 B）话 题:房 间 设 计 和 体 重 词 数:321W 难 度:Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the wayyou design your home could play a role in whether you pack on thepounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for youinstead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into partof your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments aremore likely to encourage overeatingjor people are often lessself-conscious（难 为 情）when they/re in poorly lit placesand so morelikely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn/t have enough windowlight,get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.Inone study,people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percentless than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow makefood appear more appetizing,while cold colors make us feel lesshungry.So when its time to repaint.go blue.Dont forget the clockor the radio.People who eat slowly tend toconsume about 70 fewer calories（卡 路 里）per meal than those who rushthrough their meals.Begin keeping track of the time,and try to makedinner last at least 30 minutes.And while youre at it,actually sit down toeat.If you need some help slowing downturn on relaxing music.lt makesyou less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make usfat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead ofa 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one,totalintake（摄 入）jumps by 14 percent.And well pour about 30 percent moreliquid into a short,wide glass than a tall,skinny glass.【文 章 大 意】你 的 房 间 的 灯 光、颜 色 等 和 用 餐 时 摄 入 的 量 有 关，所 以 和 你 的 体 重 有 关。25.The text is especially helpful for those who care a b o u t.A.their home comforts B.their body shapeC.house buying D.healthy diets【解 析】选 B。推 理 判 断 题。根 据 第 一 段 的 内 容 可 知，专 家 认 为 房 间 的 设 计 和 体 重 的 增 减 有 关，所 以 这 篇 文 章 对 关 心 体 型 的 人 有 帮 助。26.A home environment in blue can help p e o p l e.A.digest food better B.reduce food intakeC.burn more calories D.regain their appetites【解 析】选 B。细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 三 段 可 知，在 蓝 色 房 间 用 餐 的 人 们 比 在 黄 色 或 红 色 房 间 用 餐 的 人 们 吃 得 少。27.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?A.Eat quickly.B.Play fast music.C.Use smaller spoons.D.Turn down the lights.【解 析】选 C。细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 二 段 可 知，明 亮 的 环 境 会 使 人 减 少 食 物 的 摄 入。根 据 第 四 段 可 知，慢 吃 且 听 放 松 的 音 乐 比 快 吃 好。另 外,最 后 一 段 告 诉 我 们 用 小 号 的 餐 具 也 会 使 我 们 吃 得 少。28.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Is Your House Making You Fat?B.Ways of Serving DinnerC.Effects of Self-ConsciousnessD.ls Your Home Environment Relaxing?【解 析】选 A。主 旨 大 意 题。本 文 主 要 告 诉 我 们 一 个 人 的 房 间 的 灯 光、颜 色 等 和 用 餐 时 摄 入 的 量 有 关。即 与 你 的 胖 瘦 有 关。（2015安 徽 卷 阅 读 理 解 C）话 题:科 普 知 识 词 数:288 难 度:As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to storeinformation,are people remembering less?lf you know your computerwill save information,why store it in your own personal memory,yourbrain?Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what weremember and how.In a recent study,Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted someexperiments.She and her research team wanted to know how theInternet is changing memory.ln the first experiment,they gave people 40unimportant facts to type into a computer.The first group of peopleunderstood that the computer would save the information.The secondgroup understood that the computer would not save it.Later,the secondgroup remembered the information better.People in the first group knewthey could find the information again,s。they did not try to remember it.In another experimentjhe researchers gave people facts toremember,and told them where to find the information on thecomputer.The information was in a specific computer folder（文 件 夹）.Surprisingly,people later remembered the folder location（位 置）better than the facts.When people use the lnternet,they do notremember the information.Rather,they remember how to find it.This iscalledtransactive memory（交 互 记 忆）According to Sparrow,we are not becoming people with poormemories as a result of the Internet.Instead,computer users aredeveloping stronger transactive memories;that is,people are learninghow to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able toaccess it at a later date.This doesnt mean we are becoming either moreor less intelligent,but there is no doubt that the way we use memory ischanging.【文 章 大 意】本 文 是 论 说 文。文 章 通 过 对 专 家 Sparrow的 实 验 和 研 究 发 现 的 阐 述，说 明 互 联 网 不 是 使 人 的 记 忆 力 下 降 了，而 是 使 人 们 记 忆 信 息 的 方 式 发 生 了 改 变。64.The passage begins with two questions t o.A.introduce the main topicB.show the author/s attitudeC.describe how to use the Internet0.explain how to store information【解 析】选 A。逻 辑 结 构 题。根 据 第 一 段 提 出 的 两 个 问 题，结 合 文 章 后 几 段 的 内 容，可 知 文 章 对 这 两 个 问 题 进 行 了 讨 论、解 决。可 见 第 一 段 提 出 的 这 两 个 问 题 的 目 的 是 介 绍 文 章 的 主 要 话 题。故 选 A。65.What can we learn about the first experiment?A.The Sparrows team typed the information into a computer.B.The two groups remembered the information equally well.C.The first group did not try to remember the information.D.The second group did not understand the information.【解 析】选 C o 推 理 判 断 题。根 据 第 二 段 参 与 实 验 的 第 一 组 的 人 员 因 知 道 他 们 可 以 在 电 脑 里 再 次 找 到 他 们 需 要 的 信 息，所 以 他 们 没 试 图 记 住 它”可 知 第 一 组 的 人 没 试 图 记 住 这 些 信 息。故 选 Co66.In transactive m e m o r y,p e o p le.A.keep the information in mindB.change the quantity of informationC.organize information like a computerD.remember how to find the information【解 析】选 D。细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 三 段 可 知“交 互 记 忆 就 是 人 们 在 使 用 网 络 时 并 不 试 图 记 住 一 些 信 息，而 是 记 住 如 何 找 到 某 些 信 息。这 说 明 在“交 互 记 忆”中 人 们 记 住 的 是 如 何 找 到 某 些 信 息。故 选 D o67.What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow/s research?A.W e are using memory differently.B.We are becoming more intelligent.C.We have poorer memories than before.D.We need a better way to access information.【解 析】选 A。细 节 理 解 题。根 据 最 后 一 段 Sparrow的 研 究 发 现 可 知 不 是 人 们 的 记 忆 力 差 了，而 是 人 们 记 忆 信 息 的 方 式 正 在 发 生 改 变，也 就 是 说 人 们 在 使 用 不 同 的 方 式 来 记 忆 信 息。故 选 A。（2015北 京 卷 阅 读 理 解 C）话 题:透 明 生 物 词 数:430W 难 度:Life in the ClearTransparent animals let light pass through their bodies the sameway light passes through a window.These animals typically live betweenthe surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as mostlight can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can bedamaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist inbiology,says,“These animals live through their life alone.They nevertouch anything unless they/re eating it,or unless something is eatingthem.”And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal becomesee-throughPIVs trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they interact withlight.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow andscatter（散 射）light,bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorblight,stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption makean object look different from other objects around it,so you can see iteasily.But a transparent object doesn/t absorb or scatter light,at least notvery much.Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.Thatmeans a transparent object doesn/t look very different from thesurrounding air or water.You don/t see ityou see the things behind it.To become transparent,an animal needs to keep its body fromabsorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because theycontain pigments（色 素）that absorb specific colors of light.But atransparent animal doesnt have pigments,so its tissues wont absorblight.According to Johnsen,avoiding absorption is actually easy.The realchallenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materialsskin,fat,andmoreand light moves through each at a different speed.Every timelight moves into a material with a new speed,it bends andscatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Someanimals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue toscatter lightjt is easier to be see-through.Others build a large,clear massof non-living jelly-like（果 冻 状 的）material and spread themselves over it.Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge,because theyhave to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down lightexactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But howthey/re doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear for these largeranimals,staying transparent is an active process.When they die,they turna non-transparent milky white.【文 章 大 意】本 文 是 一 篇 科 技 说 明 文，文 章 解 释 了 生 活 在 海 洋 里 的 透 明 生 物 的 特 点、透 明 原 理 以 及 形 成 机 制。63.According to Paragraph 1,transparent a n i m a l s.A.stay in groupsB.can be easily damagedC.appear only in deep oceanD.are beautiful creatures【解 析】选 B。细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 一 段 中 的 句 子 Most of them areextremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch 可 知,大 多 数 透 明 动 物 特 别 脆 弱，轻 轻 接 触 都 会 对 它 们 造 成 伤 害，故 选 B。64.The underlined worcTdeacTin Paragraph 3 m e a n s.A.silently B.graduallyC.regularly D.completely【解 析】选 D。词 义 猜 测 题。由 第 三 段 可 知，有 些 动 物 可 以 延 缓 并 散 射 光 线，使 光 线 偏 离 以 前 的 轨 道，另 一 些 动 物 会 吸 收 光 线，使 其 dead止 于 以 前 的 轨 道 上。根 据 这 个 逻 辑 关 系 dead应 为 完 全”止 于 以 前 的 轨 道 上,故 选 择 D项。65.One way for an animal to become transparent is t o.A.change the direction of light travelB.gather materials to scatter lightC.avoid the absorption of lightD.grow bigger to stop light【解 析】选 C。推 理 判 断 题。根 据 第 五 段 中 的 句 子 T。becometransparent,an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing orscattering light可 知,一 个 动 物 想 要 变 得 透 明 就 要 避 免 它 的 身 体 散 射 或 吸 收 光 线，因 此 C 项 是 其 中 的 一 个 方 法，即 避 免 吸 收 光 线，故 选 Co66.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent a n i m a l s.A.move more slowly in deep waterB.stay see-through even after deathC.produce more tissues for their survivalD.take effective action to reduce light spreading【解 析】选 D。推 理 判 断 题。由 最 后 一 段 可 知，对 于 体 形 较 大 的 动 物 来 说，保 持 透 明 是 一 个 积 极 的 过 程,需 要 减 少 光 线 的 传 播，所 以 答 案 为 D。（2015江 苏 卷 阅 读 理 解 B）话 题:电 子 废 品 词 数:390W 难 度:In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrownaway each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronicwaste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronicwaste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage asa whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.ASwiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goodsrepresented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison tototal waste,the concentration（含 量）of gold and other precious metalswas higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.日 ectronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even whenthe machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recyclingprocess often is carried out in poor countriesjn practically uncontrolledways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into theenvironment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more wastematerial,up to 100 times more,than the material contained in thefinished products.Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the minesthat produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box andpackaging（包 装）it came in.Many wastes produced in the producingprocess are harmful as well.The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste isdangerous in that“the production,distribution,and use of productsaswell as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse gasrelease/lndividuals can reduce their contribution by creating less wasteat the startfor instance,buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibilityis being considered or has been put in place as an incentive（动 机）forreducing waste.If producers are required to take back packaging theyuse to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the firstplace?Governments/incentive to require producers to take responsibilityfor the packaging they produce is usually based on money.Why,theyask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with thebubble wrap（气 泡 垫）that encased your television?From the governments point of view,a primary goal of lawsrequiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costsand the physical responsibility of waste management from thegovernment and tax-payers back to the producers.【文 章 大 意】文 章 主 要 介 绍 了 电 子 垃 圾 的 产 生、危 害 以 及 相 关 解 决 措 施。58.By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to tell ust h a t.A.the weight of e-goods is rather smallB.e-waste deserves to be made good use ofC.natural minerals contain more precious metalsD.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste【解 析】选 B。推 理 判 断 题。根 据 第 二 段 第 二 句 可 知 尽 管 这 种 电 子 产 品 的 重 量 相 对 小,但 是 金 及 其 他 珍 贵 金 属 的 含 量 很 高，故 选 B合 适。59.The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be e x t e n d e d.A.from producers to governmentsB.from governments to producersC.from individuals to distributorsD.from distributors to governments【解 析】选 B。细 节 理 解 题。根 据 文 章 最 后 一 段 可 知 电 子 废 品 管 理 的费 用 和 责 任 要 从 政 府 和 纳 税 人 转 移 给 生 产 者。60.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The increase in e-waste.B.The creation of e-waste.C.The seriousness of e-waste.D.The management of e-waste.【解 析】选 D。主 旨 大 意 题。文 章 最 后 一 段 点 出 了 文 章 的 主 旨:电 子 废 品 的 管 理 问 题。（2015浙 江 卷 阅 读 理 解 B）话 题:图 表 词 数:6 0 2 W 难 度:Graphs can be a very useful tool for conveyinginformation,especially numbers,percentages,and other data.A graphgives the reader a picture to interpret.That can be a lot more efficientthan pages and pages explaining the data.Graphs can seem frightening,but reading a graph is a lot like readinga story.The graph has a title*main idea,and supporting details.You canuse your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just likeany other text.Most graphs have a few basic parts:a caption or introductionparagraph,a title,a legend or key,and labeled axes.An active reader looksat each part of the graph before trying to interpret the data.Captions willusually tell you where the data came from（for example scientific studyof 400 African elephants from 1980 to 2005).Captions usually summarizethe authors main point as well.The title is very important.lt tells you themain idea of the graph by stating what kind of information is beingshown.A legend,also called a key,is a guide to the symbols and colorsused in the graph.Many graphsjncluding bar graphs and line graphs,havetwo axes that form a corner.Usually these axes are the left side and thebottom of the graph.Each axis will always have a label.The label tells youwhat each axis measures.Bar GraphsSCUP2SjoJaLunNGrade EarnedGraph I.Student Performance onSocial Studies QuizA bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts.In Graphl,we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned,and they-axis shows how many students earned each grade.You can see that 6student