2023北京初三二模英语汇编：阅读单选CD篇.docx

2023北京初三二模英语汇编阅读单选CD篇（2023 北京西城 统考二模）Water lovers will tell you that not all water tastes the same. However, if your water tastes different when it's in a reusable plastic bottle, a new study finds it may be a cause fbr worry.Two scientists, Jan Christensen and Selina Tisler, have undertaken a study about which chemicals （化学物质） in reusable plastic bottles go into the water. They let water sit fbr 24 hours in new bottles, in used bottles and in bottles that had just come out of a dishwashing machine. After that, they compared what they found in the water in the different bottles.The results were quite a surprise. More than 400 difierent chemicals had leached （析出） from new plastic bottles into the water. Water stored in used plastic bottles had the highest levels of plastic-related chemicals. Running the bottles through a dishwasher worsened the leaching. After a single washing, more than 3, 500 difierent chemicals ended up in a bottle's water. Many of these were related to dishwasher soap （洗碗皂） and remained even after a second washing with running water. What's more, dishwashing itself also caused more plastic chemicals to leach.Similar discoveries were also made by Pat Hunt, a biologist at Washington State University. She found that heat can cause chemicals to move out of plastics. Hot water in a dishwasher helps to clean dishes. But plastics can start to break down if they are in hot water repeatedly, nPlastics just shouldn't go in the dishwasher,n she concludes.Christensen and Tisler5s study found some chemicals that are probably harmful. Future studies could make clear how much of each chemical is there. And thafs important. Just because a chemical is in the water doesn't mean it will cause problems. Much of the risk will depend on how much of a chemical actually gets into the body.Hunt agrees. nThis study is a starting point, n she says. It gives researchers ideas about what chemicals from reusable bottles are probably in water. But it doesn't tell us what risks the now-polluted water may bring to us. More research is needed.Still, lowering exposures （接触）to plastic-related chemicals is probably a good idea. Hunt suggests using non-plastic bottles. nIf you do use a plastic bottle, fill it up and use it right away, n Tisler adds. "It's best not to store water in them overnight or fbr long periods of time.” 1. What can we learn from the passage?A. The length of time water is kept in plastics matters.B. Water in new plastic bottles has the most chemicals.C. Drinking hot water in plastic bottles harms people's health.D. Over 3, 500 plastic chemicals are found in dishwashed bottles.2. According to the passage, further research is needed to find out.A. whether chemicals actually enter the bodyB. how plastic-related chemicals get into waterC. what risks plastic-related chemicals may causeD. when people should throw away a plastic bottle 3. What is this passage mainly about?A. Improper usage of plastic bottles.参考答案1. A8. C15. I22.C29. C2.C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C9. D 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. D)16. C 17. B 18. A 19. D23.C24.B25.C26.B27.A14. A20. C 21. B28.A35.A30.B31.B32. D33.C34.AB. Various opinions about plastic bottles.C. Unknown chemicals in plastic bottles.D. Research findings about plastic bottles.Extrinsic（2023 北京西城 统考二模）Why do we do the things we do? What drives our behavior? Psychologists have suggested different ways of thinking about motivation （动机）,including looking at whether motivation arises from outside （extrinsic） or inside （intrinsic） a person.Researchers have found that each type has a different effect on a person's behavior and efforts to achieve goals. To better understand the influence of intrinsicand extrinsic motivation on human behavior, it would help to learn how each type works.Extrinsic motivation is when you are motivated to perform a behavior or take part in an activity because you want to get a reward （奖赏）or avoid punishment. You will take action not because you enjoy it, but because you expect to get something in return or avoid something unpleasant.Intrinsic motivation is when you decide to do something because you find it satisfying. You are performing an activity for what it is not because you are after some external （夕卜部的）reward. The behavior itself is its own reward.Studies have shown that offering too many external rewards fbr an already internally rewarding behavior can reduce intrinsic motivationwhich is known as the over justification （奖励过当）effect. For example, in a 2008 study, children who were rewarded for playing with a toy they had already expressed interest in playing with became less interested in the toy after being externally rewarded.This is not to suggest that extrinsic motivation is a bad thingit can be beneficial in some situations. For example, extrinsic motivation can be especially helpful when a person needs to complete a task that they find unpleasant.Most people would accept that intrinsic motivation is best, but it is not always possible in every situation. Sometimes a person simply has no internal wish to join in an activity.Both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation play a key role in learning. Experts have argued that education's traditional stress on external rewards （such as grades, report cards, and gold stars） undermines any intrinsic motivation that students might already have. However, others have suggested that extrinsic motivators can help students feel more knowledgeable in the classroom, which in turn builds up their intrinsic motivation.As professor David Myers put it, a person's interest often survives when a reward is used neither to bribe （贿 赂）nor to control but to show a job well done, as in a "most improved player“ award. Put simply, rewards, rightly given, can increase enjoyment and motivate high performance.Understanding how each type of motivation works and when it is likely to be useful can help people perfonn tasks and improve their learning.4. You do something out of intrinsic motivation when you.A. do schoolwork to get a good gradeB. work on a subject you find interestingC. take part in a sport to receive recognitionD. clean your room to avoid criticism from your parents5. Why does the writer mention the 2008 study in Paragraph 5?A. To explain the benefits of offering toys as rewards.B. To prove external rewards can influence one's interest.C. To introduce how intrinsic motivation works in children.D. To stress the importance of understanding intrinsic motivation.6. The word "undermines" in Paragraph 8 means.A. weakens B. separates C. improves D. encourages7. The writer probably agrees that.A. extrinsic motivation is key to one's achievementB. intrinsic motivation has little to do with enjoying a taskC. properly-given rewards can encourage further improvementD. offering rewards of any kind takes the fun out of an activity（2023 北京海淀 统考二模）Most kids know it's wrong to shout at or hit someone. But what if that someone is Alexa - an AI （Artificial Intelligence 人工智能）speaker, or Roomba - a robot cleaner?A new study by Teresa Flanagan, a developmental psychologist from Duke University, found that kids aged four to eleven felt neither Roomba nor Alexa should be shouted at or attacked. However, that feeling weakened as kids grew into their teens.Flanagan was inspired to do the research after watching some movies about robots. "In those movies, we see adults interacting with robots in terrible ways J said Flanagan. "But how would kids interact with them?Flanagan invited 127 children aged four to eleven to take part in the study. The kids were asked to watch a video of the two devices （设备）and then answer a few questions, like whether it was wrong to attack Al devices and how smart and sensitive they thought Alexa was compared to Roomba. Flanagan studied the survey data and found something encouraging.Overall, kids decided that both Alexa and Roomba, unlike humans, probably weren't ticklish （怕痒）and wouldn't feel pain when they got hit. However, they gave Alexa, but not Roomba, high marks fbr mental and emotional abilities, such as being able to think or getting upset when someone was mean to it.“Young children think Alexa, even without a body, has emotions and a mind J Flanagan said. "But they don't think Roomba does maybe that has something to do with Alexa's ability to have verbal（语音的）communication.Although they believed the two intelligent devices had different abilities, children across all ages agreed it was wrong to hit or shout at the machines. However, the older kids got, the more they reported it would be more acceptable to attack devices.The findings offer new ideas about the changing relationship between children and intelligent devices and raise important questions about how we are supposed to treat them in general and as parents. Should adults, fbr example, model good behavior for their kids by thanking Al devices fbr their help?For now, Flanagan is trying to understand why children think it is wrong to attack intelligent devices.8. Why does Flanagan mention some movies in Paragraph 3?A. To present how robots influence children.B. To stress the importance of Al technology.C. To explain where the research idea came from.D. To show the popularity of children's TV shows.9. What can we learn from the passage?A. Adults set a good example on treating ALB. Flanagan studied the data with the help of ALC. Alexa has more physical feelings than Roomba.D. Younger kids hold a friendlier attitude to Al devices.10. What will Flanagan probably do next?A. Examine what good manners kids show toward AI.B. Test whether Alexa is much smarter than Roomba.C. Survey how adults interact with intelligent devices.D. Study why kids think AI is worthy of nice treatment.（2023 北京海淀 统考二模）Awe is the feeling of amazement and respect mixed with surprise. Research shows that awe experiences decrease stress and anxiety and increase positive（积极的）emotions and overall satisfaction in life. It can also improve our relationships, making us more likely to help others and more supported.Most of us connect awe with something unusual and beautiful: nature, music or a spiritual experience. But ordinary people can bring about awe too. Research shows we can be awed by our nearest and dearest-the people sitting next to us, or talking on the other end of the phone. Psychologists call this interpersonal awe.Often, this interpersonal awe is how people respond（反应）to life's big changes, like seeing a baby's first steps or a friend fighting against cancer. Yet interpersonal awe happens in our everyday life, too. John Bargh, a psychologist, said he was “truly awe struck“ by his then-5-year-old daughter while dining in a McDonald's years ago. When she heard another child crying across the restaurant, she took the toy from her Happy Meal, walked over and handed it to him.We can't make someone else behave in an awesome way, but we can get prepared to notice it when they do and take steps to strengthen the emotion's positive effects.To increase your chances of feeling awed by people around you, Marianna Craziosi, an expert in positive psychology, suggests you direct your attention to people's positive sides and catch them at their best. You may think your brother or friend is selfish; there may be a little truth to that, but it's never the whole story. "Try to find examples of him helping others or doing something great. In other words, become a Held scientist, like Jane GondallJ Graziosi said.To help you recognize and remember a special experience, say out loud “Wow, that was awesome!” when awe strikes you. Enjoy it in the moment and tell others about it. This will strengthen your positive emotions. And recall it or write about it later. Studies show awe can be drawn again simply by remembering an awe experience.When you feel awed by people around you, thank them and let them know just how much their actions affect you. This makes the other person feel good and can give your relationship an improvement. And you'll also have high levels of happiness and psychological well-being.Awe could be anywhere. Perhaps awe, while an ordinary response to the extraordinary, is also an extraordinary response to the ordinary.11. You are likely to feel interpersonal awe when.A. you listen to a CD of a popular singerB. you read a book about a famous personC. you get a surprise help from your familyD. you watch a beautiful sunset with friends12. By saying the underlined words in Paragraph 5, Graziosi suggests that we should.A. read about how to get on with othersB. try to get a full picture of other peopleC. watch carefully how others do their jobsD. learn from an expert in positive psychology 13. The writer would probably agree that.A. awe often comes from senses of satisfactionB. awe moments are usually very difficult to createC. nature provides the most awe in our everyday lifeD. recalling awe experiences strengthens relationships14. Which of the following would be the best title fbr the passage?A. Respond to Awe in Everyday LifeB. Spread Awe to People AroundC. Express Thanks to Awesome PeopleD. Take down Awesome Moments（2023 1 匕京门头7勾 统考二模）Highly productivepeople have certain habits that other people don't. Howare they getting so much done and achieving their purposes? We all want success, but what are we doing wrong? Here are a few habits you really need to avoid if you want to be highly productive.Not seeing the bigger pictureStarting with the end in mind can help you to imagine what you are trying to create. When you can see the bigger picture, you can begin to break the course down in steps to see exactly how you're going to get there. Thinking of the end helps you keep your eye on the prize, especially when you get less confident.Working without priorities （优先事项）When deciding what steps to take to reach the end, highly productive people don't waste time on details that influence the course. Make your path simple. Pay attention to what is important.Procrastination （拖延症）Though it is true, it can be the hardest thing. If we wait for the right time, it may take us a very long time to finally feel confident to begin something. Many things can pull us away from starting our project.Working long hours without breaksYou can't do your best job if you're very tired. If you take care of yourself, you are better prepared to be in top form to do the job at hand. According to studies, the ability to give attention becomes weaker after about an hour, and then you will become less productive. So if you're tired, don't work harder. You need at least a 15-minute break to give your brain a rest and be ready to do more of your best work.Listening to people who say “no”Never be limited by other people. Highly productive people are not prevented by difficulty and o