高考英语一轮复习语法专题专题四第1讲定语从句教案.pdf
语法专If专题四三大从句与特殊句式第1讲定语从句定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。STEP ONE考点分类突破考点一that/which/who/whom微小说XiaoMengisagirhvho/that loves reading and she is also a girlwho/whom/that teachersoftenpraise.Booksthat/which talkaboutloveoradventuresareherfavorite.JwrweXWristhefirstbookthat1*XiaoMenghasread,anditisthebestnovelthat4shehasread.Everythingthat1 appearsinthenovelisinterestingandbothpeopleandmonstersthataredescribedinitmakeherfascinated.1.that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语,这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中,that出现频率最高。既可以作主语,也可以作宾语,既可以指人,也可以指物。2.此外指物时只用that不用which的情况的口诀:very、only序最高,人物、不定that好即先行词指物被thevery、theonly、序数词、形容词或副词最高级修饰时,或者先行词关系词指人作主语,可以用that,who引导。关系词指人作宾语,可以用that,who,whom引导。关系词指物作主语或宾语,可以用that,which引导。关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词修饰,或者是关系词是不定代词,或关系词既指人又指物时,只能用that。重难点精析既包括人也包括物时,或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时,定语从句用that引导。Thisistheverybookthatlhavebeenlookingfbrforseveraldays.这正是我找了好几天的那本书。Isthereanythingthatyouwanttosayaboutthismatter?关于这件事你想说什么呢?3.定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。Istillrememberthepeopleintheremotevillagewhowerefriendlytome.我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。Thestudentswhoareinterestedintheactivityshouldsignupforitinadvance.对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。【点对点练习】单句语法填空1.Thedictionarythat/whichthegentlemanboughthalfanhouragowasveryexpensive.2.Theladywho/thatjs(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.3.Themanwho/whom/thatlservedwaswearingahat.4.Thisisthethirdapplethatshehaseatenintheaftemoon.5.Thisistheonly/verythingthaticandotosolvethetrickyproblem.6.Thafsallthatlknowabouttheyoungmanlivingnextdoor.7.Whentheymetagain,thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.8.Thisisthebestfilmthatlhaveeverseen.考点二 as/wh i ch/whose微小说A s1 weallknow/As?isknowntoalL LiHuaisastudentwhose 2 nameisoftenseeninEnglishexaminations.Butthisyearhedidnmakeuswritecompositionsfbrhim,which3 mademanystudentssad.Howweinisstheboyforwhom4jwehavewrittenmanycompositionsandwehavepreparedmanysituationsinwhichhecanwritearticleshimself.位于句首,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,用as引导定语从句。在定语从句中作定语,表示所属关系“的”,用关系代词whose。用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中,作主语指物或前面整个句子时,只能用which而不用that。当介词提到关系代词之前时,若先行词指物,则关系词只能用which;若先行词指人,则关系词只能用whom。重难点1.whose既可以指人,又可以指物,在从句中作定语,表示先行词的所有格。即whose前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀:whose前后名,后名属前名。ThisisthegirlwhosenameisLiMei.这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacethenorth.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。2.只用which/whom而不用that的情况。用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前,充当其宾语时。注意:which既可以指某一个名词,也可以指前面的整个句子。Thisisthecompanyinwhichmyfatheronceworked.这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。Therewasnopersontowhomshecouldturnfbrhelpinthedarkstreet.在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号隔开。4.常用as的结构:asanybodycansee,asweallknow,asweexpected,asisreported,ashasbeenannounced,asisoftenthecase,as常常位于句首。Aswasexpected,hecamelateagain.正如我们所预料的那样,他又迟到了。Asanybodycansee,theelephantislikeasnake.正如每个人所看到的一样,这匹大象像一条蛇。【点对点练习】单句语法填空1.HeisthestudentwhoseEnglishisalwaysatthetop.2.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofwhomarewomen.3.Heisworkinghard,which w i 1 1 makeh i m passthefi nal ex am.4.Asisknowntoall,thereare7continentsontheearth.考点三 when/where/why微小说导入XiaoMingstillremembersthedaywhen hewasseriouslypunishedbyhisfather.Thereasonwhyghewaspunishedwasthatheplayedcellphonegamesforawholeweekend.Hisfatherbroughthimtoaroomwhere5 therewasnoothers.Afterputtingthecellphoneintoabasinwhich/that“was full ofwater,he told Xiao Ming about the daysthat/which 1 hespentearningschoolfeesbydoingpart-timejobsinarestaurant.Thiswasthereasonthat/whichhisfathertoldhimnottoplaycellphones.先行词表示时间,从句不缺主语或宾语,用关系副词when。先行词表示原因,从句不缺主语或宾语,用关系副词why。先行词表示地点,从句不缺主语或宾语,用关系副词where。先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因,但是从句缺主语或宾语,仍然用关系代词that/which重难点精析1.关系副词与关系代词的选择从句不缺主语或宾语,是个完整的句子,可以是主谓宾或主系表结构,亦可以是主谓结构(主语+训)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法:把谓语动词与先行词连接起来,看它们是否能构成动宾关系,如果能直接构成动宾关系,则该谓语动词为及物动词,否则为不及物动词。(1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系,只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式,workinthefactory 因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语,也可使用inwhich(which代替先行词thefactory)。(2)ThefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwelL该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构setupthefactory,所以set up是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语,因此此处用关系代词that或which。2.当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,用关系副词where引导定语从句;如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/thato3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的确定:(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定Iboughtagreatmanybooks,onwhichlspentallmymoneythatlsaved.我买了很多书,这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定rilneverforgetthetimcduringwhichlspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。4.当theway作先行词时,无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语,用that一定正确。IdontHketheway that/in whichhespeakstome.(关系词作方式状语)Theyarelookingforawaythat/whichisthemostsuitablefortheproblem.(关 系词作主语)I点对点练习】单句语法填空1.IstillrememberthedaywhenlfirstcametoBeijing.2.Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidntstudyhard.3.Giftshopsinmuseumswherepeoplewouldbuysouvenirsforthemselvesandtheirfriendsusedtobethelaststopofeachvisit.解题策略对接高考技法指导【单句语法填空】1.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.(2019 全国 II)答案 which解析 分析句子结构可知,先行词为the pet sh o p,在非限制性定语从句中作opened的 宾 语,故 填which。2.Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019 全国HD答案 who/that解 析 先 行 词 为m asters,且限制性定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系词who/that。3.Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.(2019 江苏)答 案when解析 句中先行词为an age(一个时代),且先行词在从句中作时间状语,所以用关系词when。技法指导定语从句解题三步走第一步:根据是否修饰某一名词,放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。第二步:根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语,则用关系代词;如果不缺主语或宾语,则使用关系副词(或者“介词+which”)第三步:根据先行词具体所指,确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。STEP0 2 1考点分层演练层 级 一 基础达标练单句语法填空1.Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson,madehiseldersondiscouraged.答案 which解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整句话的内容,并在从句中作主语,故填 whicho2.Iwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagelspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.答案 where解析设空处引导定语从句,先行词是v illa g e,且在从句中作地点状语,因此用where引导,相当于in whicho3.Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry,hadalsovolunteeredtohelp.答 案 who解析 分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是people,从句缺少主语,故填关系代词who。4.Therearemanygoodwebsitesyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.答案 where解 析 先 行 词 为 w ebsites,将先行词代入定语从句后为:you can check out thelatest in the science world on the w ebsites,由此可知,先行词在定语从句中与介词on 一起作地点状语,故填关系副词whereo5.Thesystem,canbethemostadvancedinmanyways,willbethelargestearthquakeobservationnetworkintheworld.答案 which解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为the system,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填which。6.HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewantedtoworkinSiliconValley.答案 who/that解 析 people为先行词,从句中缺主语,故用who/that。7.Hisintereststartedafewyearsago,hewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience.答 案 when解析 先行词为a few years a g o,关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,故填when。8.ThenNeedhambeganhislifelongresearch,endedupcreatingthegreatestwork一ScienceandCivilisationinChina.答案 which解析根据设空处前的逗号可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句;先 行 词 为 hislifelong research,将先行词代入定语从句后为:his lifelong research ended upcreating the greatest workScience and Civilisation in China,由 止 匕 可 矢 口,关系词在定语从句中作主语,先行词指物,故填which。9.Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson,isareallyluckyguy.答 案 who解析分析该句结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,且先行词为her s o n,并在从句中作主语,故填who。1().Overtheyears,Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.TwoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoeIderlysisters,JoanandBemice,wayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.答案 whose解析引导非限制性定语从句,且在从句中作定语,先行词为Joan and B ernice,故填whoseo层 级 二 高考真题练单句语法填空1.Becausethemoonbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe,ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotitcouIdsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020 全国I)答案 where解析 分析句子可知,空处引导一个定语从句,先行词是a s p o t,关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语,应用where引导。故填where。2.InancientChinalivedanartistpaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020 全国HI)答案 whose解析 此处为定语从句,修饰先行词a r t i s t,且先行词在从句中作定语,故应用关系代词 whose o 故填 whose o3.The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane,forexample,formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumopenedinl759.(2020 新高考全国 I)答案 which/that解析 此处是限制性定语从句,先行词是the British Museum,关系词在从句中作主语,应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。4.Thestudentsbenefittingmostfromcollegearethosearetotallyengaged(#-)inacademiclife,takingfulladvantageofthecollegechancesandresourcesCi!).(2019 北京)答 案 who解析 are totally engaged(参与)in academic life”是定语从句,修饰先行词th o se,且空格处在从句中作主语,指代人,故填who。5.Theirchildisatthestageshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019 天津)答案 where解析 分析句子可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词是the s ta g e,且关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词w here,相当于in which。6.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014showedamerefivetol0minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018 全国 I)答案 that/which解析 分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语,修饰先行词stu d y,故填 that/whicho7.TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005whenthegovernmentstartedasoil-testingprogramgivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers一and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.(2018,全国 II)答案 that/which解析设空处引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语,修 饰 a soil-testing program”,先行词表示物,故用that/whicho8.ManywestemerscometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018 浙江)答案 who/that解析空处引导限制性定语从句,先行词指人,并在从句中作主语,故 用 w ho/that引导定语从句。9.Self-drivingisanareaChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.(2018 江苏)答案 where解析 设空处引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词anareao将先行词代入定语从句后为4 CChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartinglineinthearea5 由此可知,先行词与表地点的介词in 一起在定语从句中作地点状语,所以要用关系副词where。1().ButSarah,hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017 全国HI)答 案 who解析分析句子结构可知,此处是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是S arah,指人,并在从句中作主语,故用关系代词who。层级三语篇提能练语法填空Therewasatimel.IwastiredofleamingEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3Inietmanystrangers,Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately,myguide,4 teacherwasYuMinhong,communicatedwithmefacetoface.He,from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions,alsoshowedmeagoodpartner,andwegotalongwellwitheachother.Graduallyladaptedtothelifethere.Everydaylwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish,into8.Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.Beforelgotosleep,Irecallthepassages,through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.l0.ourEnglishteachersays,AslongasyoufbrmthehabitofleamingEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance,youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”语篇解读本文为记叙文,文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师,那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣,同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。1.答案 when解析先行词是时间tim e,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语,故填关系副词when。2.答 案 why解析 先行词是原因reaso n,定语从句中不缺主语或宾语,故填关系副词why。3.答案 where解析先行词是地点c lu b,定语从句不缺主语或宾语,故填关系副词where。4.答案 whose解析 先行词是g u id e,空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系,故填whose。5.答案 whom解析 此处为非限制性定语从句,结合句意及空格前的介词from可知填whom。6.答案 that/which解析定语从句中用关系词指代先行词a c tiv itie s,并在定语从句中作宾语,故用that/whicho7.答案 who解析非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代先行词myfatherandtheguide,指人,并在定语从句中作主语,故用who。8.答案 which解析 非限制性定语从句中用关系词指代“学习英语”这件事,并在定语从句中作宾语,故用whicho9.答案 which解析非限制性定语从句,先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passagesw,要用whicho10.答 案 As解析 非限制性定语从句中要用关系词指代后面的句子“As long as you form thehabit of learning English every day and have perseverance,you will conquerEnglish sooner or later.w并放在句首,意为 正如,故用As。STEPT语法链接写作不同语境中定语从句的使用1.邀请信典 例(2015 全国H)我写信邀请你来看我们学校举办的汉服表演。rmwritingtoinviteyoutoenjoya/?6z/?/i/showwhichwinbehostedbyourschool.运 用(2019 全国HI)我给你写信的目的是邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。ImwritingtoinviteyoutotakepartinthemusicfestivalwhichwillbeheldinourschoolnextSaturday.2.申请信典 例(2019 全 国I)我自五岁学习中国画,因此我很了解这门艺术,这使得我能够很好地介绍画展。IhavetakenupChinesepaintingsincelwasfiveyearsoldandlhaveagoodknowledgeofit,whichmakesitpossibleformetointroducetheexhibitionwell.运 用(2018 浙江)我英语很熟练,这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。IhaveagoodcommandofEnglish,whichmakesitpossibleformetocommunicatewithforeignersfreely.3.申请信(2)典 例(2019 全国1 )我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。Fmwritingtoapplytoworkasavolunteerthatyouadvertisedinyesterdaysnewspaper.运 用(2018 浙江)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供的职位。ImwritingtoapplyforthepositionthattheEnglishAssociationofourschooloffers.4.通知典 例(2018 全 国 这部电影主要讲述我们学校的发展,将于6月17日下午2:()0到4:0()在校报告厅放映。ThenoveGrowingtogetherf whichisaboutthedevelopmentofourschool,willbeshownintheschoolhallfrom2:00to4:OOintheafternoononJune 17th.运 用(2019 全 国i n)这场音乐会,其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目,将于下周日上午在我校大厅举行。Theconcert,whichincludesvariousfantasticDerformancesplayedbytalentedstudents,willbeheldintheschoolhallnextSundaymorning.5.通知典 例(2018 全国II)据要求,任何想要观看电影的同学要在下午两点之前到达。Thosewhowanttowatchthemoviearerequiredtoarrivebeforetwointheafternoon.运 用(2014 辽宁)任何想参加该活动的同学,请通过/血他与李华联系。AnyonewhowantstotakepartinthisactivitycanemailLiHuaat a .6.感谢信典 例(2019 浙江)我感谢你为了提高我的英语所做的一切。lamgratefultoyouforeverythingyoudidformetoimprovemyEnglish.运用你告诉我的每一件事都帮助我更好地了解了英国的文化。EverythingyoutoldmehelpedmetohaveabetterunderstandingofEnglishcuIture.7.推荐信典 例(2017 北京)我强烈推荐的旅行线路是长江之旅。ThetripthatlstronglyrecommendisthetouralongtheYangtzeRiver.运 用(2018 北京)我建议你申请北京大学,它是中国最好的大学之一。IsuggestthattheuniversityyouapplyforisPekingUniversity,whichisoneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.8.建议信典 例(2008 全国H)以下是一些关于学习汉语的建议,希望能对你有帮助。HerearesometipsabouthowtolearnChinese,whichlhopewillbeofhelptoyou.运用以下是一些怎样克服考前焦虑的建议,希望能对你有好处。Herearesomesuggestionsabouthowtogetovcryouranxietybeforeexams,whichlhopewillbebeneficialtoyou.