高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解长难句处理技巧与分析建议.pdf

高考英语专题复习：阅读理解长难句的处理方法阅读理解的文章一般都选自国外的一些网站或者杂志，是原汁原味的美文，有些词汇和句式的难度较大。词汇运用灵活，高级词汇较多，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现。句式复杂，长句、意思隐晦句、复合句较多，定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句出现频率较高。那么正确理解长难句式是做好阅读理解题的一个关键。1.较复杂单句的处理方法找主谓语，即找主干成分注意谓语动词：找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。首先，如何寻找谓语动词呢？很简单，有时态变化的动词就一定是谓语。然后，顺着谓语动词往前找，如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据句子成分判断这是哪种从句。At the press of a button,a microcomputer locks all other floors chute（道）doorsand sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.【解析】此句的主语为a microcomputer,也有两个谓语，即locks和 sets。However,many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtfulabout it and say the human body is just not designed to last pastabout 120 years.【解析】此句的主语为many scientists,主语里面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和 say,say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。2.复合句的处理方法一找连接词注意并列连词或从属连词：常见的并列连词有 and,but,yet,or,so,for,not only but also看到这些单词或短语，一般就有并列结构存在，并且很可能存在着省略问题。一般从句是由引导词来引导的。所以找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。Consumers seem only concerned,not panicked,and many say theyremain optimistic about the economy?s long term prospects even asthey do some modest belt tightening.【解析】该句是一个并列句，and后面的分句比较复杂，主干为manysa y,后接宾语从句they remain long term prospects even as引导一个让步状语从句。Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a hugeeffect on your self-growth as it is a measure of how well you canrespect authority and obey requirements.【解析】此句为复合句，句中whether引导主语从句，as引导原因状语从句，how well引导从句作介词of的宾语。3.去枝叶1)注意定语与同位语一般的长句子中，名词后只要不是谓语动词，一般都有修饰限定成分，即定语或同位语。也就是说，我们只要能寻找到名词且名词后不是谓语动词，就可确定其后的内容是用来修饰或解释前面的名词的。Today,surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art totell us,as religion once did,Memento mori:remember that you willdie,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denyingthis but in living with it.It s a message even more bitter than aclove cigarette,yet,somehow,a breath of fresh air.【解析】主干结构是we need art to tell u s,过去分词结构(surrounded by promises of easy happiness)作状语，注意 Memento mori 是作直接宾语，而 us则是间接宾语。冒号后面的句子是Memento mori的同位语。另外,as religion once did 作结果状语。2)注意非谓语动词要作谓语，若不作谓语，就可能在句中以分词、动名词或不定式的形式出现。First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format inthe 17th century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finestmathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made amajor advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like aman in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique.【解析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“First put forward bythe French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including”为介词短语作状语;“who made.and who had to.”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientisto所以句子的主干为the theorem hadbaffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds 此为主要信息。3)注意介词或介词短语有介词一般都会有介词短语，在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”,with theunderlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of thisfinely developed sense of complaint.【解析】主句是 Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”，介词短语with the underlying作伴随状语，而 that引导同位语从句解释前面的名词 assumption o4)注意插入语Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safeproducts,to some degree,their main selling points and emphasize itin their advertising.【解析】本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾 语+宾补，即“使.成为.“，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。But what we forget-what our economy depends on us forgetting-isthat happiness is more than pleasure without pain.The things thatbring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss anddisappointment.【解析】在第一句中，主语是一个主语从句，破折号中间的成分是插入语。在第二句中，主 语(The th in g s)后面跟了一个定语从句。4,识别省略现象及特殊句型Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would killus but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure?That the evidence wasinconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroyour way of life and the government should stay out of the way?【解析】这里有三个问句，第一个问句的结构比较明了，而后两个问句则省略了 Do you remember insisted,只有两个由that引导的宾语从句。注意英语中，常会省略并列结构中的相同成分。Television is one of the means by which these feelings arecreated and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so muchto connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events inEurope.【解析】本句由两个并列句组成。第一分句包含一个定语从句，句子的主干为television is one of the meanso 第二个分句是一个倒装句。【课堂精练】1.The fact that members of one culture do not expresstheir emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean thatthey do not experience emotions.【解析】本句的主干为The fact does not mean that.,其中，thatthey do not experience emotions 是从句作 mean 的宾语。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as domembers of another 为 fact 的同位语从句，其中 as do members of another 是状语从句，助动词do位于主语members of another前形成倒装，主语后省略了express their emotions o2.W e are obliged to them because some of these languages havesince vanished,as the peoples who spoke them died out or becameassimilated and lost their native languages.【解析】句子的主干为W e are obliged to them。because引导一个原因状语从句，其中又包含一个由as引导的原因状语从句。在 as从句里，主语是the people,后面跟着三个由不同的谓语动词组成的并列结构：died out,becameassimilated 和 lost their native languages o3.He came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind,andthat the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reachingconsequences for the culture of a society.【解析】句子的主干为 He came to believe in a sort of linguisticdeterminismo which 引导限制性定语从句，修饰 linguistic determinism。在由which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词states跟了两个宾语从句，一是thatlanguage imprisons the mind,一是 and that the grammatical patterns.society04.Economists from the University of Sussex analyzed findings fromthe National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health,a 15-yearresearch project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands ofteenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.【解析】句子主干为 Economists analyzed findings0 from the Universityof Sussex 作 economists 的定语；from the National Longitudinal Study ofAdolescent Health 作 findings 的定语；a 15-year research project 作 the NationalLongitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 的同位语；charting.作 project 的定语；who引导定语从句修饰teenagerso5.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animalhusbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal fundsnot be used for such an experiment 一 一 although no one had proposed todo so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by PrincetonPresident Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 dayswith recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.【解析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed-he;ordered-he;(should)not be used federal-funds;had proposed-no one;asked-he(asked前面有and,说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为uhe ordered.asked Declaring that.”作状语。高考英语二轮专题复习：阅读理解长难句分析长难句 1：N urse s a nd oth e r c a re-g ive rs ne e d tob e a wa re of th e possib le me a ning s of sile nc e wh e nth e y c ome a c ross th e pe rsona l a nxie ty th e irpa tie nts ma y b e e xpe rie nc ing.译文：当遇到可能正在经历个人焦虑的病人时，护士和其他护理人员需要注意沉默可能表达的意义。点拨：c a re-g ive rs：看护者b e a wa re of：意识到c ome a c ross：偶遇，偶然发现长难句 2：W h ile soc iolog ists d isa g re e on h owth e se te rms sh ould b e e xa c tly d e f ine d,th e y d od e sc rib e soc ie tie s like th e U nite d S ta te s quitewe ll.译文：尽管社会学家对这些术语的精确定义存在争议，但他们确实把像美国那样的社会阶层描述得相当好。分析：本句是复合句。wh ile引导让步状语从句；h ow th e sete rms sh ould b e e xa c tly d e f ine d是宾语从句；主句中的d o表示强调。点拨：d isa g re e on：对.意见不te rm：专用名词，术语长难句 3：P owe r a nd c la ss d o not a lwa ys g o h a ndin h a nd,h owe ve r.译文：然而，权力和阶级不一定总是如影随形。点拨：g o h a nd in h a nd：密切关联长难句 4：T h e y must sh ow e a c h oth e r kind ne ss a ndpity a nd th e ma ny qua litie s with out wh ic h lif ewould b e ve ry pa inf ul unle ss one c h ose to livea lone in th e d e se rt.译文：除非一个人选择独自生活在沙漠中，否则，他们彼此间必须表现出仁慈和怜悯以及许多其他品质，没有这些品质，生活将会非常痛苦。分析：w i t ho u t w hi ch引导定语从句修饰先行词q u a l i t i e s。长难句 5：I t w a s a cha n ge t ha t t o o k p l a cew i t ho u t b e i n g n o t i ce d t ho u gh i t w a s o f t he e x t r e m ei m p o r t a n ce,a s p i r i t u a l cha n ge w hi ch a f f e ct e d t hew ho l e s t a t e.译文：这是一种虽然极其重要却没人注意的变化，一种影响整个国家的精神变化。分析：t ha t引导定语从句修饰先行词a cha n ge；w hi ch引导定语从句修饰先行词a s p i r i t u a l cha n ge 0点拨：o f t he e x t r e m e i m p o r t a n ce：极 其 重 要(=e x t r e m e l yi m p o r t a n t)长难句 6：Tha t t he y co u l d ge t m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t sf r o m he r n e v e r e n t e r e d t he i r m i n d s.译文：他们从来没想过从雅典得到物质利益。分析:t ha t引导主语从句，句子的谓语是e n t e r e d。长难句 7：The r e ha d t o b e a co m p l e t e cha n ge o fa t t i t u d e b e f o r e t he y co u l d l o o k a t t he ci t y a s a ne m p l o y e r w ho p a i d he r ci t i z e n s f o r d o i n g he r w o r k.译文：在态度彻底改变之后，他们才把城市看作是雇主，要为他们的工作付薪水。分析：w ho引导定语从句修饰a n e m p l o y e ro点拨：a co m p l e t e cha n ge o f a t t i t u d e：态度的彻底转变b e f o r e：.之后才l o o k a t .a s：把.看作.长难句 8：W ha t t he p e o p l e w a n t e d w a s ago v e r n m e n t w hi ch w o u l d p r o v i d e a co m f o r t a b l e l i f ef o r t he m;a n d w i t h t hi s a s t he p r i m a r y o b j e ct,i d e a s o f f r e e d o m a n d s e l f-r e l i a n ce a n dr e s p o n s i b i l i t y w e r e n e gl e ct e d t o t he p o i n t o fd i s a p p e a r i n g.A t he n s w a s m o r e a n d m o r e l o o k e d o n a sa co o p e r a t i v e b u s i n e s s p o s s e s s e d o f gr e a t w e a l t h i nw hi ch a l l ci t i z e n s ha d a r i ght t o s ha r e.译文：人们想要的是可以让他们过安稳生活的政府。以此为主要目标，自由、自力更生和责任的观念被忽视了，直到最后消失。雅典越来越被看作是一个拥有巨大财富的合作企业，所有的公民都有权利分享。分析：第一个句子中，w ha t引导主语从句，w hi ch引导定语从句，修饰先行词a go v e r n m e n t o第二个句子中i n w hi ch引导定语从句，先行词是aco o p e r a t i v e b u s i n e s s o p o s s e s s e d o f gr e a t w e a l t h 形容词短语做a co o p e r a t i v e b u s i n e s s的后置定语。点拨：p r o v i d e s t h f o r s b：给某人提供某物t o t he p o i n t o f ：达到.的 程 度（p o i n t在此处意为“阶段，程度”）b e l o o k e d o n a s：被看作.p o s s e s s e d o f：具有.的长难句 9：A t he n s r e a che d t he p o i n t w he n t hef r e e d o m s he r e a l l y w a n t e d w a s f r e e d o m f r o mr e s p o n s i b i l i t y.The r e co u l d b e o n l y o n e r e s u l t.I fm e n i n s i s t e d o n b e i n g f r e e f r o m t he b u r d e n o f s e l f d e p e n d e n ce a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t he co m m o n go o d,t he y w o u l d ce a s e t o b e f r e e.Re s p o n s i b i l i t y i s t hep r i ce e v e r y m a n m u s t p a y f o r f r e e d o m.I t i s t o b eha d o n n o o t he r t e r m s.A t he n s,t he A t he n s o fA n ci e n t G r e e ce,r e f u s e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y;s he r e a che dt he e n d o f f r e e d o m a n d w a s n e v e r t o ha v e i t a ga i n.译文：雅典真正想要的自由是免于责任的自由，她已经走到了这一步。这样的结果只能有一个：如果人们坚持不顾大众利益，一心想摆脱责任，依赖他人，他们就不能再享有自由。责任是每个人为获得自由必须付出的代价，没有其他条件。雅典，古希腊的雅典，拒绝责任，所以她失去了自由，再也不会拥有自由。分析：第一句话中w he n引导定语从句，先行词是t he p o i n t o点拨：p o i n t：（发展的）阶段，程度，地步f r e e d o m f r o m r e s p o n s i b i l i t y：不受责任的约束（f r e e d o m f r o m s t h意为“从某事物中摆脱，不受某事物之苦”）f r e e f r o m：不受.之苦的t h e c o m m o n g o o d：（正式用语）共同的利益o n .t e r m s：条件是.长难句 10：N o d o u b t h e h a d n o t a n i d e a t h a t h ew a s s p e a ki n g G r e e k.A t h e n s w a s n o t i n t h e f a r t h e s tb a c kg r o u n d o f h i s m i n d,b u t o n c e m a n h a s a g r e a ta n d g o o d i d e a,i t i s n e v e r c o m p le t e ly lo s t.译文：毫无疑问他根本不知道自己的话正是希腊的写照。虽然他没有想到雅典，但是人类一旦有了伟大的想法，这种想法就会永远存在。点拨：n o d o u b t：无疑长难句 11：I f w e c a n a llo w o u r c h i ld r e n t o b et h e m s e lv e s w i t h o u t p r e ju d i c e,t h e y 11 b u i ldf r i e n d s h i p s w i t h p e o p le,r e g a r d le s s o f r a c e o rr e li g i o n,w h o w i ll b e b y t h e i r s i d e t h r o u g h t h i c ka n d t h i n.译文：如果我们能够让孩子们不带任何偏见地成长，能够不考虑对方的种族和信仰，与之成为朋友，而这样的朋友会和他们患难与共。点拨：t h i c k a n d t h i n：艰难险阻长难句 12：Y e s t e r d a y h e p r o u d ly c la i m e d i n c o u r tt h a t d e s p i t e h i s c o m p le t e la c k o f m e d i c a le x p e r i e n c e o r q u a li f i c a t i o n s,h e h a d s a v e d s e v e r a lp e o p le*s li v e s.译文：昨天他相当自豪地在法庭上宣称，尽管他完全没有从医的经验和资格，却也挽救了几个人的生命。分析：d e s p i t e h i s c o m p le t e la c k o f .la c k 相当于a lt h o u g h h e d i d n t h a v e .（英语善用抽象名词）。长难句 13：O n ly o n s p e c i a l o c c a s i o n s w o u ld t h e yt a ke i t o u t a n d le t u s h o ld i t i n o u r h a n d s.译文：只有在特殊场合他们才会把它拿出来，让我们捧在手里。分析：o n ly+状语置于句首时，句子要部分倒装。其结构为：O n ly +状语+b e/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他。长难句 14：F o r e i g n d r i v e r s w i ll h a v e t o p a y o n-t h e-s p o t f i n e s o f u p t o 900 f o r b r e a ki n g t h et r a f f i c la w t o b e c a r r i e d o u t n e x t m o n t h.译文：如果违反下个月要执行的交通法规，外国司机将要现场缴纳高达900英镑的罚款。分析：t o b e c a r r i e d o u t n e x t m o n t h 作 t h e t r a f f i c la w 的后置定语。点拨：p a y o n-t h e-s p o t f i n e s：现场缴纳罚款u p t o：高达.，多达.b r e a k t h e t r a f f i c la w：违反交通法规c a r r y o u t：执行长难句 15：I n p r a c t i c e,v e r y f e w f o r e i g n d r i v e r sa r e li ke ly t o r e t u r n t o B r i t a i n t o d e a l w i t h t h e i rc a s e s.译文：实际上，很少有外国司机会返回英国处理他们的案件。点拨：i n pra c t i c e：实际上d e a l w i t h：处理长难句 1 6：F ore i g n v e h i c l e s a re 3 0 pe rc e n t m orel i k e l y t o b e i n a c ra s h t h a n B ri t i s h-re g i s t e re dv e h i c l e s.译文：外来车辆发生撞车事故的可能性比英国注册的车辆高 出3 0%。长难句 1 7：F ore i g n l orri e s a re t h re e t i m e s m orel i k e l y t o b e i n a c ra s h t h a n B ri t i s h l orri e s.译文：外来货车发生碰撞事故的可能性比英国货车高出三倍。长难句 1 8：B ri t i s h d ri v e rs w i l l b e pu n i s h e d w i t hpoi n t s a n d f i n e s f or b re a k i n g t h e t ra f f i c l a w.译文：英国司机违反交通法规会被扣分和罚款。长难句 1 9：T h e n e w t ra f f i c l a w i s m a i n l yi n t e n d e d t o l ow e r t h e ra t e of t ra f f i c a c c i d e n t s a n di n j u ri e s.译文：新的交通法规的主要目的是减少交通事故和降低伤害率。点拨：b e m a i n l y i n t e n d e d t o d o s t h：主要是为了做某事l ow e r t h e ra t e of：降低.的比率长难句 2 0：O u t of c u ri os i t y,B roa d s pe n t h ou rsa t t h e l oc a l a rc h i v e s i n a f ru i t l e s s s e a rc h f ori n f orm a t i on on M c k a y.译文：出于好奇，B roa rd在当地档案馆花了几个小时查询有关M c k a y的信息，结果一无所获。点拨：ou t of c u ri os i t y：出于好奇i n a f ru i t l e s s s e a rc h f or：徒劳无功地搜寻f ru i t l e s s：无结果的（f ru i t +l e s s,与 f ru i t f u l 是反义词）