2023年高考英语备考短文改错的命题特点与备考策略.pdf

2023年高考英语备考短文改错的命题特点与备考策略高考英语备考：短文改错分步练，五个关注不可少对部分低分学生，即在全区统考中短文改错的得分低于3 分的考生，就短文改错做题情况进行访谈，了解到这部分考生是语法基础较差，看不出错误。也有人反映，原来老师要求背诵“动词形，名词数，还要注意形和副，连、介、代、冠常光顾，必须记牢固”，但当他们做题时，要一下子同时注意八个方面，简直就是难如登天。如果我们把任务拆分，每一次阅读有选择地注意一两项语法考点，将问题分批处理，分步进行，不但有利于考生集中精神运用一两项相关语法知识，也易于发现该方面的错误。选取本人任教的30 名低分学生参与以下短文改错五步法的实验，要求学生在平时训练时每次只关注一两个考点。说明具体做法：第一步：通读全文，关注动词与介词。用铅笔划出所有的动词，包括谓语动词和非谓语动词，以及与动词相连的介词（如果有介词的话，注意动介搭配是否正确）。注意时态、语态、主谓一致以及非谓语动词与所修饰的词之间的关系是主动、被动，还是表目的。During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside withmy father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there,they were living in a small housewith dogs,ducks,and another animals.Last winter whenI went here again,they had a big separate house to raisedozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which theyraised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite alot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.Atthe end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return forevery two years,but he agreed.容易赞现以下两处错误：(1)find与前后句的谓语动词went时态不一致，将find改为 found;(2)介词by后 的sell是原形，应改为selling。第二步：通读全文，关注名词。用铅笔划出所有的名词，包括相连的介词和相连的修饰语(不定代词或冠词)。注意名词的单复数;如果名词后有介词，注意名词与介词的搭配是否正确;如果名词前有冠词，注意其后的“(形容词+)名词”是否以元音发音开头，以及注意该名词是特指还是泛指;如果名词前有不定代词或指示代词，注意其单复数、性别及前后逻辑所指关系等。During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside withmy father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there,they were living in a small housewith dogs,ducks,and another animals.Last winter whenI went here again,they had a big separate house to raisedozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which theyraised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite alot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.Atthe end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to returnfor every two years,but he agreed.容易发现以下四处错误：(1)countryside前少冠词，要加上th e,这是习惯搭配；(2)复数名词animals前不可用another(另 一 个)，根据语境和常识another应改为other(别 的);(3)chicken 因受 dozens of 修饰，应改为复数 chickens。(4)因every two years这类短语前通常不用介词，故应删除 for。第三步：通读全文，关注形容词和副词。用铅笔划出所有的形容词和副词，注意形容词可修饰名词做定语，还可在句中做表语或补语;副词修饰动词、形容词或全句做状语;还要注意是否需要用比较级或者最高级。During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside withmy father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there,they were living in a small housewith dogs,ducks,and another animals.Last winter whenI went here again,they had a big separate house to raisedozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which theyraised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite alot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.Atthe end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return forevery two years,but he agreed.容易发现以下两种处错：(1)因作者去农村看望爷爷是上个寒假了，也就是早就回来了，应当是 去那里 而非 去这里，故 将I went here again中的here 改为 there。(2)因文中felt是系动词，其后应接形容词做表语，故将happily 改为 happy。第四步：通读全文，关注连词。用铅笔划出所有的连词，包括连接单词、短语或句子的连词。注意定语从句中连词所做的成分，注意翻译前后句子并判断前后句之间是顺连还是转折，注意该连词的意思是否符合逻辑。During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside withmy father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there,they were living in a small housewith dogs,ducks,and another animals.Last winter whenI went here again,they had a big separate house to raisedozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which theyraised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite alot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.Atthe end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return forevery two years,but he agreed.容易发现以下两处错误：(1)因小池塘应是养鱼的地方，即they raised fish中缺地点状语，故改which为where,引导定语从句。当然，也可在which 前加介词 in,相当于 they raised fish in the pondo(2)“我告诉父亲我计划每两年回一次”与“他同意了”是顺承关系，而非转折关系，故改but为and。第五步：默读全文，关注逻辑。通过语感和全文大意，看看是否还能找出一些逻辑不通顺或不顺眼的地方。全 国I卷答案如下：During my last winter holiday,I went to Acountrysidewith my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big changethere.The first time I went there,they were living in a smallhouse with dogs,ducks,and another animals.Last winterwhen I went here again,they had a big separate house toraise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond A whichthey raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earnedquite a lot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life hadimproved.At the end of our trip,I told my father that Iplanned to return for every two years,but he agreed.当然，所有的方法都需要经过一定的训练时间和一定的量才显成效。所以参加训练实验的考生每天一篇，仅经过30天的训练之后，在11月的期中考试中，所有参加五步法训练的考生都提高了 1 3分，他们自己也说，五步法效果好。当学生在短文改错中实施有意注意（选择性注意）训练一段时间，对五步法的操作自然进入了熟练和系统化，之后，他们遇到短文改错的时候就会自动转换成有意注意，也就是说，他们以后每次看到短文改错就自然而然地往各类型考点方向去考虑，届时就无需再分五步或者阅读五次了。这种训练在一定程度上有助于巩固学生的语法基础，并有助于减少其书面表达的语法错误，提高他们在英语写作上的纠错能力，继而也会在一定程度上促进他们的英语写作。高考英语备考：短文改错的命题特点与九大考点破解短文改错考查考生在阅读理解的基础上发现并纠正包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等类型语言错误的能力。考生在做短文改错时需要根据短文的整体语境来进行判断，而不只是零散的知识点。所以很多学生在做短文改错时会遇到以下几点困惑：第一，拿过题来不知如何下手;第二，基础薄弱的同学要么草草了事，要么丢掉不做。笔者认为弄清命题特点，掌握解题思路，这类题目就会迎刃而解，从而获得高分。一、命题特点1.短文改错的文章来自学生习作，贴近高中生生活。2.文章是度约100词。语言易懂。3.体裁以记叙文为主，句子结构以简单为主，含有并列句和复合句。4.设置修改、增加和删除三种错误类型，其比例通常是8：1 ：1。5.当遇到错误无法分辨时，可以借助“修改、增加和删除三种错误类型”的分布规律来解题。6.短文改错全国的平均难度系数约为0.35,该题不少考生失分严重，一方面是有些考生的语法基础知识薄弱，另一方面是因为有些考生粗心。因此，同学们要练就一双“火眼金睛”，善于发现错误。二、解题步骤第一步：快速浏览全文，把握文章的主旨大意、主要时态及人称。第二步：先易后难，逐个击破。第三步：细读文章的每一句话，结合文章的上下文和命题规律来解题。第四步：代入已修改完成的答案通读全文，看是否行文流畅以及是否符合逻辑。三、九大考点高考短文改错的命题人一般会从上述十二个方面进行考点设置，但我们可将其归结为以下九大主要考点。掌握命题规律之后做题便会事半功倍！（一）名词的数与格的误用名词是短文改错的常考点，最近5年10套高考题中名词出现了 10次。主要考名词的“数”，也考名词的“格，（全国 H 卷）Besides,they often get some usefulinformations from the Internet.解 析:因information是不可数名词，故应把informations改为 information。要牢记常见的不可数名词。如fun,advice,information,work（工作），homework,housework,progress,luggage,baggage,time（时间），furniture,equipment,money 等。（全国 I 卷）All the football player on the playgroundcheered loudly,say that I had a talent for football.解析：player是可数名词，根据句意，在操场上所有的足球运动员都大声地欢呼，需使用player的复数形式，故把player改成 playerso思路点拨：主要依据有名词前的修饰语、主谓一致、上下文信息、生活常识和逻辑关系来找出错误所在。（二）代词的指代一致与少用代词是短文改错的常考点，主要考查人称代词的性别，单复数及代词格的误用;物主代词，反身代词以及不定式代词的误用;“it”一词的不当使用（包括用于从句中或作形式主语或宾语）；Whose 和 Whos,its 和 its 的混淆。（全国 I 卷）We must find ways to protect yourenvironment.解析：根据上下文，此句提出建议我们要保护我们的环境，故your应改为our。本题考查代词的误用。（全国 I 卷）From now on,I started to play my footballwith classmates after school.I am a good player now.解析：球类前面无需冠词或定冠词修饰，故删除my。本题考查的是代词的误用。思路点拨：注意句中前后人称不一致，前后单复数不一致，前后的性别不一致和物主代词或人称代词的漏用。（三）冠词的误用、多用与少用重点考查定冠词the和不定冠词a/an的误用，多用或少用。（全国 n 卷）They live far from the school,and it takesthem about a hour and a half to go to work every day.解析：表泛指，an用于以元音音素开头的单词前，a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。故把hour前的a改为an。本题考查冠词的误用。（全国 I 卷）Suddenly football feel just in front of me butalmost hit me.解析：football是一个可数名词，这里表泛指，故在football前面加a。思路点拨：理清定冠词the、不定冠词a/an的区别以及冠词的惯用法。（四）介词的误用、多用与少用重点考查介词的搭配、惯用法，介词的误用多用和少用等。（全国 I 卷）It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop justin the middle on the road.解析：固定词组长积累，成就火眼金睛。in the middle o f是一个固定搭配，故把on改成。f。本题考查介词的误用。（全国 II 卷）When I studied chemistry high school,Ireconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.解析：high school是一个地点状语，故应该在其前面增加介词at或in。本题考查介词的少用。思路点拨：（1）平时的学习中注意积累固定搭配；（2）分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。（五）连词的误用、多用和少用重点考查表示并列、选择、递进和转折的连词以及从句连词。（全国 I 卷）Though not very big,but the restaurant ispopular in our area.解 析：though不 能 与but连 用，故 应 删 除but。（全国 I 卷）Suddenly football feel just in front of me butalmost hit me.解 析：前后为并列关系，故but应 改 为and。（六）谓语动词的错误谓语动词的错误不仅每年必考，而且考得最多，每套题平均有两处错。到目前为止，仅考查了以下几点。a.前后谓语时态不一致。b.主动语态中已有行为动词时却多用了 be。c.被动语态中或者完成时态中，过去分词拼写错误。d.并列谓语的时态形式应当一致却没有一致。e.主语与谓语在人称和数方面应该一致却没有一致。f.情态动词后本应该接动词原形却接了过去时，或者根本没有动词。g.命题人有时也会利用某些动词的过去式与过去分词拼写相同，将一般过去时故意误写成现在完成时，要求考生删除have或 haso（全国 I 卷）Lots of studies have been shown that globalwarming has already become a very serious problem.解析：研究表明 是主动关系，故have been shown应改为主动语态，删 除been。本题考查主动语态中多用了 be。（全国 H 卷）And the other is that I wanted to help people inneed.解析：由wanted可知是谩去时。故把主句is改为was。本题考查前后谓语时态要一致。思路点拨：（1）通读全文，搞清文中动词时态的主线；（2）结合语境，灵活运用时态形式；（3）认真推敲，准确把握主动语态和被动语态。（七）非谓语动词的误用。重点考查非谓语动词和谓语动词的混用;非谓语动词的混用和不定式to的遗漏或多用。（全国 H 卷）In their spare time,they are interesting inplanting vegetables in their garden,which is on the rooftopof their house.解析：表示 对.感兴趣，应 用interestedo（全国 I 卷）All the football players on the playgroundcheered loudly,say that I had a talent for football.解析：句中已有谓语cheered,say应为非谓语动词;又因players与say是主动关系，故用saying作伴随状语。（A）词性误用重点考查形容词和副词的混用，比较级和最高级的运用等。（全国 I 卷）It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stopjust in the middle of the road.解析：修饰名词stop应用形容词。suddenly是副词，故应改为sudden。本题考查形容词和副词的混用。（全国 I 卷）I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back tothe playground.解析：修饰动词kicked应该用副词。但副词hardly的意思是“几乎不，简直不”。而副词hard表示“努力地;猛烈地”。根据句意，“我接住了球然后用力地踢回操场，故改hardly为hard。（九）常用词语辨析错误和其他重点考查习惯用法，逻辑意义不通，不定代词的混用和基数词和序数词的误用。（全国 I 卷）I was so much nervous that I could hardly tellwhich direction was left.解析：so与very均可修饰形容词或副词的原级，如sogood,very good,so well,very well,但 so 与 very 一般只能用一个而不同时用，如不能说so very good,so verywello又根据sothat句 式,可知删除much。（全国 H 卷）Then,when I was in the five grade,Iwanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher toomuch.解析：我上五年级的时候，应理解为第五年上学，需使用序数词，故把five改为fifth。本题考查基数词和序数词的误用。综上所述，“梅花香自苦寒来”，要想短文改错得高分，学生首先要注意日常基本知识的积累，其次要重视词法句法知识，培养良好的语感。