2023年高考英语满分答题技巧：阅读理解.pdf

2023年高考英语满分答题技巧：阅读理解细节理解题考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等文章中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，大家需要根据文章提供的信息，自己组织语句回答问题。1 .核心技巧：关键词定位法先从题干中提取关键词，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段、哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比对所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。2.如何提取关键词？(1)正确理解“定位词”，因为在所有词性中，名词的意思相对唯一且明确，定位词通常以名词为主，比如：时间，地点，人名，书名，杂志名，专有名词，斜体字，引号引出的词；(2)注意文中具有特殊性和细节性的词语；文章中高频词W 定位词，因为通常越细节越特殊的词，在文章中出现的频率越低，一旦找到，它旁边的信息应该就是考点了。(3)注意题干中的定语和状语;定语可以使一个概括性的概念更加细节化，状语可以使一个一般性的动作更加特殊化。所以，当题干较长，又没有特殊印刷体文字的情况下，选取定语和状语中有代表性的词作为定位词，比较可靠。当然不排除主语和谓语本身就很特殊，或者考点词本身就是定位词的情况。(4)留意文中句子中比较生僻的词，因为生僻的词往往缺少同义词或反义词，一般在原文中通常能够更为快速地定位。例题：(2022乙卷)DThe Governments sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money asMinisters first predicted it wouldgenerate,the first official data on the policy has shown.First announced in April,2016 the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(月巴胖).It is believedthat todays children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of Ihe disease.Initially the sugar tax was expected to make 520 m a year for the Treasury.However,dataof the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it isexpected to generate 240 m for the year ending in April 2019,which will go to school sports.It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cutby manufacturers(制造商)so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 millionfewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers efforts to avoid the charge,according toTreasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18 p and 24 pfor every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content.However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar taxand are refusing to changefor fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks arefree of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1 m litres per year.Todays figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence thesugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施)and healthier eatingin schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of greatimportance,and the industry is playing its part.(1)Why was the sugar tax introduced?A.To collect money for schools.B.To improve the quality of drinks.C.To protect childrens health.D.To encourage research in education.(2)How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?A.They turned to overseas markets.B.They raised the prices of their products.C.They cut down on their production.D.They reduced their products sugar content.【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。【解答】（1）C.细节理解题。根据文章第二段First announced in April,2016,the tax whichapplies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to helpreduce childhood obesity.（该税于2016年 4 月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5 g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）以及本段最后一句putting ihemat a higher risk of the disease.（使他们面临更高的疾病风险。）关键词是“childhood obesity 和 a higher risk of the disease”，可知，征收糖税的目的是保护儿童健康。故选C。（2）D.细节理解题。根据文章第四段中 It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold inshops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinksnow contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers efforts to avoid thecharge（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。由于制造商努力避免收费，饮料中的糖含量现在减少了 4500万公斤。）注意原文中的“sothey can avoid paying the tax和to avoid the charge”是目的。使用的应对措施就是had theirsugarlevels cut”以及45 million fewer kilos of sugar”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低产品的含糖量来应对糖税。故选D。一、推理判断1 .基本原则:推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，它一般具有以下特征：（1）“立足原文，只推一步”,即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。（2）选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only,never,all,absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇，如 often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably 等 02.核心技巧1根据题干提供的信息到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维，从而得出正确的结论。2根据全文整体结构整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。3根据上下文逻辑获得文章的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。4根据语境褒贬找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对掌握文章主旨大意、了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有用处。5根据作者感情和观点倾向找出具有感情色彩的形容词或副词（支持或反对、乐观或悲观、主观或客观）6根据文章的体裁和内容判断文章出处，新闻类、广告类、产品说明类、新媒体类7根据全文主题以及关键句对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息，综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论。例题：（2022新高考 II）As we age,even if were healthy,the heart just isn*t as efficient inprocessing oxygen as it used to be.In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early60s.And among people who dont exercise,the changes can start even sooner.Think of a rubber band.In the beginning,it is flexible,but put it in a drawer for 20 years andit will become dry and easily broken,“says Dr.Ben Levine,a heart specialist at the University ofTexas.Thats what happens to the heart.Fortunately for those in midlife,Levine is finding that evenif you havent been an enthusiastic exerciser,getting in shape now may help improve your agingheart.Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did notexercise much but were otherwise healthy.Participants were randomly divided into twogroups.The first group participated in a program of non-aerobic（无氧）exercise-balancetraining and weight training-three times a week.The second group did high-intensity aerobicexercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years，the secondgroup saw remarkable improvements in heart health.We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-oldhearts,“says Levine.And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their heartscould now fill a lot better and pump（泵送）a lot more blood during exercise.But the hearts ofthose who participated in less intense exercise didnt change,he says.The sweet spot in life to start exercising,if you havent already,is in late middle age whenthe heart still has flexibility,Levine says.nWe put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlongexercise training program,and nothing happened to them at all.1Dr.Nieca Goldberg,a spokeswoman fbr the American Heart Association,says Levinesfindings are a great start.But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groupsof people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(1)What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A.The right way of exercising.B.The causes of a heart attack.C.The difficulty of keeping fit.D.The aging process of the heart.(2)In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A.Diet plan.B.Professional background.C.Exercise type.D.Previous physical condition.(3)What does Dr.Nieca Goldberg suggest?A.Making use of the findings.B.Interviewing the study participants.C.Conducting further research.0.Clarifying the purpose of the study.【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。【解答】(1 )D.推理判断题。根据第二段 Think of a rubber band.In the beginning,it is flexible,but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,n says Dr.Ben Levine,a heart specialist at the University of Texas.Thats what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)可 知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程。故选D。(2)C.推理判断题。根据第三段的 The first group participated in a program of nonaerobicexercise-balance training and weight training-three times a week.The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4 天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)可 知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。(3)C.推理判断题。根据最后一段的 But the study was small and needs to be repeated with farlarger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggestdifference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)可 知，妮卡戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。二、词义猜测这类题型要求考生必须熟练掌握 普通高中英语课程标准规定的词汇，也着重考查考生是否有利用逻辑关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。主要通过以下两点进行考查：要求根据阅读材料，结合考生应有的常识和经验判断生词、词组或者熟词在特定语境中的含义以及一些句子的意思；代词指代题也是词义猜测的常考类型。1.猜测词义要把握“就近原则也就是针对划线部分词义的猜测，它的线索就在本句内，或在前一句或在后一句，不会太远。所以，猜测词义题要仔细研读就近的句子，从中获取解题线索。2.猜测词义要利用好各种逻辑关系，比如转折，因果，并列，递进，对比等。1表转折关系的词汇和短语but,yet,however,while,although,though,as,on the contrary,incontrast,for one thing.for another thing,on the one hand.on theother hand,instead 等2表因果关系的词汇和短语because,since,as,for,so,therefore,due to,as a result,owing to,onaccount of thanks to,for this reason,so.that,such.that 等3表递进关系的词汇和短语and；both.and；also；not only.but also；as well(as)；at thesame time；besides；further more 等4表对比关系的词汇和短语unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和 while引导的并列句等3.猜测词义要利用好解释或定义关系。通常情况下在做解释或下定义时会用到定语从句，同位语从句或破折号或 be called,be known as,in other words,such as,for example,forinstance,like,including 等。4.猜测词义要利用好构词法。有些单词虽然没见过，但是可以根据构词法来猜出它们的意思，比如借助一些常见的词根词缀，合成词等，猜单词就很容易了。如 wheelchair,wheel是轮子的意思，chair则是椅子。显而易见，有轮子的椅子就是轮椅了.5.猜测词义要利用好基本的常识或经验。有时，需要猜测的词汇周围并没有前面提到的一些可以提供线索的词汇或结构，需要你利用自己的生活常识或经验进行猜测。猜测词义时并不是每次都能遇到可以利用的线索词汇，读懂上下文的语境非常重要。利用好高考真题，进行反复的集中限时训练，利用所学的方法技能，并且总结出自己的做题方法,提高猜测词义和理解文章的能力。例题：There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East,and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.Wendy Wilson,extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street,one of the first to embark on theproject,said：Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We arelooking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.What do the underlined words“embark on*mean in paragraph 7?A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了伦敦一家慈善机构想出来的养老活动项目一一让疗养院的老年人看管母鸡，以防止它们感到孤独。它还被用来帮助患有痴呆症的患者。【解答】C.词义猜测题。根据原文第七段Wendy Wilson,extra care manager at 60 PenfoldStreet,one of the first to embark on the project,said：”Residents really welcome the idea of theproject and the creative sessions.We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project canbring to people here.(Penfold街 6 0 号的额外护理经理温迪威尔逊(Wendy Wilson)是最先着手实施该项目的人之一，她说：”居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待着该项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)可知他是这个项目的发起人之一。所以下划线的单词embark on 的意思是 开始。A.Improve改进；B.Oppose反对；C.Begin开始；D.Evaluate评估。故选C。三、主旨大意主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中抽取、提炼一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。所以，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完读通文章后再做判定，建议考生把此类题放到最后来做。这类题型包括：主要内容(main idea,mainly about)型、文章标题(besttitle)型、写作目的(purpose)型。1.基本原则：弄清文章的主旨大意，关键是找到对应的主题句。主题句的位置通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。下面我们将不同的文章体裁进行分情况讨论。2.核心技巧：主题句定位法(1)开头主题句。新闻报道、说明文、议论文等文章的主题句通常在开头。主题句出现在文章的开头，起着开宗明义、点明主题的作用，它可以使读者一开始就明白文章所讲的内容及主旨。而支撑句则是通过使用一些具体的人、物、数字或具体的步骤来阐述或论证主题。在文中找到主题句后，考生可以很容易地概括出文章的主旨大意。(2)结尾主题句。文章的结尾通常起到照应开头、总结全文、升华主题的作用。作者在最后一段对全文的内容进行概括和总结，进一步明确或强调文章的中心思想，使作者的观点表达得更清楚。因此，有时考生可以在最后一段中找到主题句，从而准确把握文章的主旨。(3)段落主题句。通过找出每段的主题句，考生可概括出文章的主旨大意。虽然有些短文中没有主题句，但是每个段落都围绕一个主题来写，考生可以找出每段的主题句，弄清每个段落主要讲了什么内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后对它们进行归纳和提炼，从而概括出文章的主题或中心思想。(4)归纳主题句。记叙文通常讲述一个有趣的故事或是某人一段刻骨铭心的经历。记叙文类文章都有一个主线，全文围绕这个主线组织材料。如果考生能够找到全文的主线，理清故事的人物以及故事发生的时间、地点、经过和最终的结果，就能概括出文章的大意。考生应从分析文章的结构入手，把握全文的主线，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，最后归纳出文章的主旨大意。例题：Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and,at the same time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year?That is the verylikely future of applying todays eyes in the sky technology to making sure that the millionsof kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could doprecisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructuresuch as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they canbe inspected,the more railway safety,reliability and on-time performance will beimproved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railwaypersonnel safety.lt is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billioneuros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect andrepair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with dronesassisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value servicesfor railways,detecting faults in the rail or switches,before they can cause any safetyproblems.To perform these tasks,drones for rail dont need to be flying overhead.Engineers arenow working on a new concept：the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the trackahead of the train,and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advancedsensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their abilityto see ahead,they could signal any problem,so that fast-moving trains would be able to reactin time.Which is the most suitable title for the text?A.What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB.How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face【分析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元，无人机将改变铁路的未来。【解答】D.标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元，无人机将改变铁路的未来。可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D 项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。（2021 天津）A trial project by the Montreal Childrens Hospital suggested that the use ofmedical hypnosis（催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients.The project also resulted ina reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging（医学影像）procedures.During the examination children dont move.lt works perfectly.Its amazing,saidJohanne LEcuyer,a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre whereexaminations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia（麻醉）.A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist-was invited to train a fewmembers in the medical-imaging department of the childrens hospital.In alb 80 examinationswere conducted for the project between January and September,2019,focusing on the imagingprocedures that would cause anxiety.Hypnosis is not a state of sleep：It is rather a modified（改 变 的）state ofconsciousness.The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state-an imaginaryworld that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.The technologist must build up a story with the patient,Ms.LEcuyer said.The patientis left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about.Do you play sports?Do you likegoing to the beach?We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure.Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story-aninjection（注射）becomes the bite of an insect；the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of thesun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside thepatients body with what the patient sees in his head,Ms.LEcuyer said.uIt requires creativity