北京市西城区2021-2022学年高一下学期期末考试英语 Word版含解析.docx

北京市西城区2021-2022学年度高一第二学期期末试卷英语试题本试卷共16页，共140分。考试时长120分钟。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并 交回。第I卷（共75分）I .听力理解（共三节，225分）第一节:（共4小题;每小题L5分，共6分）听下面四段对话，每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选 项。每段对话你将听一遍。1. When will the speakers have dinner together?A. On Wednesday. B. On Thursday. C. On Friday.2. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. In a restaurant. B. In a hotel. C. In a store.3. What will the speakers do next?A. Play table tennis. B. Buy a table tennis bat. C. Book a table tennis room.4. How does the man feel?A. Strange. B. Tired. C. Disappointed.第二节：（共6小题；每小题1.5分，共9分）听下面三段对话，每段对话后有两道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选 项。每段对话你将听两遍。听第5段材料，回答第5至第6小题。5. What does the man have to do today?A. See a doctor. B. Have a meeting. C. Visit a lawyer.6. What does the woman offer to do for the man?A. Sign a few papers. B. Make an appointment. C. Answer his phone calls.听第6段材料，回答第7至第8小题。7. What is the woman doing?A. Asking for advice. B. Giving an introduction. C. Conducting an interview.8. When does （he man buy a book from a bookstore?月大的男婴。她说：“我很高兴我的孩子们正在学习帮助他人的重要性。）”可知，我们可以从文章中推 断，Rhiannon为她的孩子树立了一个好榜样，故选D。【22题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“She and her daughter, Cimorene, then three, made extra pans of lasagna, and Rhiannon posted in a local moms' group on Facebook, o fl eri ng to drop off a free home-cooked meal to anyone who wanted one. Some people requested a meal. Even more wanted to help Rhiannon feed （hose who were struggling4她和当时三岁的女儿Cimorene多做了几盘千层面，Rhiannon在Facebook上的一个当地妈妈群 里发帖，表示愿意给任何想吃的人送一份免费的家常菜。有些人要了一份。甚至有更多的人想帮助 Rhiannon养活那些挣扎的人。）”可知，她为有需要的人免费提供千层面，所以她是善良的和慷慨的。故 选C。CHorseshoe crabs are often called living fossils. These primitive arthropods have lived on earth for 360 million years, largely in the same form as they appear today. Despite their long history, the horseshoe crab's existence is now threatened by human activities, including harvesting for medical research.Any time a foreign object or substance enters the human body, there's a risk of introducing infection. If you've had a vaccination, a surgery of any kind, or had a medical device implanted in your body, you owe your very survival to the horseshoe crab.Horseshoe crabs have coppcr-rich blood that appears to be striking blue in color. Proteins in the horseshoe crab's blood cells arc released in response to even the smallest amount of bacterial endotoxin （内毒素）,such as E. coli. The presence of bacteria causes horseshoe crab blood to clot or gel, part of its hypersensitive immune response system.In the 1960s, two researchers, Frederick Bang and Jack Levin, developed a method of using these coagulation （凝固）factors to test for contamination （污染）of medical devices. By ihe 1970s. their Limulus amebocyte lysate （LAL） test was being used commercially to make sure everything from scalpels （手术刀）to artificial hips （骸关节）is safe for introduction in the human body.While such testing is crucial lo safe medical treatments, the practice lakes a loll on horseshoe crab populations. Horseshoe crab blood is in high demand, and the_medical testing industry catches as many as 500,000 horseshoe crabs each year to.drain them of their blood. The crabs aren't killed outright in the process; they're, caught, bled, and released. But biologists suspect the stress results in a percentage of the released horseshoe crabs dying once back in the water. Fortunately, management_practices are in place now to protect the species.In addition to their value in medical research, horseshoe crabs fill important ecological roles. Their smooth, wide shells provide the perfect substrate （基质）for many other marine organisms to live on. As it moves along the ocean's bottom, a horseshoe crab may be carrying mussels, barnacles, tube worms, sea lettuce, sponges, and even oysters. Horseshoe crabs deposit their eggs by the thousands along sandy shorelines, and many migratory shorebirds, including red knots, rely on these eggs as a source of fuel during their long flights.23. What feature of horseshoe crabs helps save lives?A. They can improve their immune system.B. Their blood is sensitive to bacteria.C. They have copper-rich blood cells.D. Their blood is striking blue.24. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase “take a toll on” in Paragraph 5?A. Make use of.B. Do harm to.C. Run out of.D. Contribute to.25. How arc the ecological roles of horseshoe crabs explained in the last paragraph?A. By giving examples.B. By making a comparison.C. By quoting experts.D. By offering a definition.26. On which type of website can we possibly read this passage?A. Science.B. Travel.C. Business.D. Life.【答案】23. B 24. B 25. A 26. A【解析】 【导语】本文是篇说明文，主要介绍的是邕这种生物的医学价值和生态角色。【23题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段的“Proteins in the horseshoe crab's blood cells arc released in response to even the smallest amount of bacterial endotoxin （内毒素），such as E. coli. The presence of bacteria causes horseshoe crab blood to clot or gel, part of its hypersensitive immune response system.（即使是最小数量的细菌内毒素,如大肠杆菌，宣血细胞中的蛋白质也会被释放出来。细菌的存在会导致宣的血液凝结或凝胶，这是其过度敏感 的免疫反应系统的一部分。）”可知，赏的血液对细菌敏感这一特点有助于拯救生命，故选Be 【24题详解】 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段的“ Horseshoe crab blood is in high demand, and the medical testing industry catches as many as 500,000 horseshoe crabs each year to drain them of their blood. The crabs aren't killed outright in the process; they're caught, bled, and released/的血需求量很大，医疗检测行业每年捕获多达50万只宣，以抽取它们的血。花不会在这个过程中被直接杀死；他们被抓住，流血，然后释放。）”可知， 虽然这样的检测对安全的医学治疗至关重要，但这种做法会对邕的数量造成影响，也就是会对翟造成伤 害，划线短语lakes a toll on的意思是“对造成伤害"，和do harm to意思相近,故选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段的 “As it moves along the ocean's bottom, a horseshoe crab may be carrying mussels, barnacles, lube worms, sea leiluce, sponges, and even oysiers.（当翟沿着海底移动时，它可能会携带贻 贝、藤壶、管虫、海黄苣、海绵，甚至牡蛎。）”可知，最后一段是通过举例来解释邕的生态角色的。故 选Ao【26题详解】推埋判断题。通读全文，根据第一段的 “ Horseshoe crabs arc often called living fossils. These primitive arthropods have lived on earth for 360 million years, largely in the same form as they appear today. Despite their long history, the horseshoe crab's existence is now threatened by human activities, including hanesting for medical research4赏常被称为活化石。这些原始的节肢动物已经在地球上生活了 3.6亿年，与它们今天的 形态基本相同。尽管曾历史悠久，但它们的生存现在受到人类活动的威胁，包括为医学研究而采集 翟。）”和最后一段的 “In addition to their value in medical research, horseshoe crabs fill important ecological roles.（除了在医学研究上的价值外，常还扮演着重要的生态角色。）”可知，本文主要介绍的是猫这种生物 的医学价值和生态角色，属于科普知识。由此推知，本文很有可能在“科学”网站读到。故选A。DChemists have spent the past centur）/ trying to make plastics that will break down in seawater. As it is, most plastics appear to take centuries to fully degrade in the ocean. But that may change. Scientists have just designed a new plastic that can break down in seawater within weeks, not decades or more.Back in the 1930s, scientists created a now-popular plastic out of corn and potato starch （淀粉）.It's known as polylactide, or PLA. It's a polymer （聚合物）,which is a molecule made by linking many building blocks 一 called monomers into a long string. Scientists had hoped PLA would quickly break down in the environment. And in sonic places, like compost pits （堆月巴坑）,it docs. But not in seawater. Even after three years in ocean water, PLA remains largely unchanged.Timo Rheinberger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. His work on polymers has fbeused on boosting PLA's breakdown. As part of that work, he became part of a team that just added some RNA- inspired breaking points to PLA. They put those breaking points in places where monomers in the PLA molecules are linked.They weakened the links that joined up to 15 percent of a PLA's monomers. Then, they soaked their samples in artificial seawater and measured how fast these tweaked versions of PLA broke down. The expected final product of PLA's breakdown was a small molecule called lactic acid. So, they tested fbr that too.As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down.When they weakened 15 percent of PLA's monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years. This suggests the team can design how quickly PLA will break down in water by adjusting how many weakened links it has.Mehlika Karamanlioglu teaches biomedical engineering at Istanbul Gelisini University. She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA. "It's a new approach,she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also "a_ preliminary study,“ Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. Scientists want to know how the strength of the new PLA compares to old PLA.Rheinberger agrees. "You need a lot of material to start those studies,M he adds. And so far, his team has made only small amounts of the modified PLA.Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. kkI wonder if they checked the water fbr pollution/5 she adds. If there were microbes （微生物）,those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA's degradation.27. What can we learn about PLA from the passage?A. Lactic acid prevents the breakdown of PLA.B. PLA breaks down faster in artificial seawater.C. PLA's breakdown relies on that of monomers.D. Compost pits arc the best places fbr PLA's breakdown.28. What docs the underlined word “preliminary“ in Paragraph 7 probably mean?A. Systematic.B. Comparative.C. In-depth.D. Early-stage.29. What is Mehlika's attitude towards the findings of the Dutch team?A. Supportive.B. Doubtful.C. Optimistic.D. Cautious.30. What can be learned from the last three paragraphs?A. Mehlika is confident about the application of the new PLA.B. The cleanness of water also affects the breakdown of PLA.C. The new PLA has better strength than the old PLA.D. The new PLA have been produced in large amounts.【答案】27. C 28. D 29. D 30. B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍科学家们设计了一种新型塑料，可以在海洋中迅速分解。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段 “ As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down.（正如研究小组所希望的那样，海水攻击了单体之间薄弱的连接，使聚合物链断裂。研究 人员在聚合物中添加的断点越多，PLA分解的速度就越快）”和第六段“When they weakened 15 percent of PLA's monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years.（当他们削弱PLA 15%的单体连接时，聚合物在两周内 完全分解。当他们只削弱了 3%的联系时，这种破坏持续了大约2年）”可知，PLA的分解依赖于单体的 分解。故选C。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词后句“So, more testing must follow.（因此，必须进行更多的测试）”可知,他们 的研究只是“初步研究”。由此推知,划线词preliminary与early-stage（早期阶段，早期的）意思接近。故 选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第七段"She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA. "It's a new approach,'* she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also ua preliminary study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow.（她也研究过PLA的环境破坏。”这是一种新方法，”她谈到荷兰的技术时说。Karamanlioglu 说，他们的研究也是“初步研究”。因此，必须进行更多的测试）”可推断，Mehlika对荷兰研究小组的 发现持谨慎态度。故选D。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后三段，尤其是最后一段"Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater.441 wonder if they checked the water fbr pollution,M she adds. If there were microbes （微生物），those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA's degradation. （Karamanlioglu JniB.荷兰研究小组还测试了 PLA在人工海水中 分解。她补充说：“我想 知道他们是否检查了（水）污染。”如果有微生物，这些微生物可能产生了一种叫做酶的分子，加速 PLA的降解）”可知，水的清洁度也会影响PLA的分解。故选B。第n卷（共65分）I .选词填空（共7小题；每小题2分，共14分）用方框中单词的适当形式完成下列句子，每个单词只能用一次。month effect relax limit harm talent perform31. People feel morewhen wearing casual clothes.32. The actors are just amazing. They are all very.33. Doctors have warned against (heeffects of smoking.34. Youras a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.35. The advertisement was simple but remarkably.36. These machines have to be checked.37. Wc arc doing our best with theresources available.【答案】31. relaxed32. talented33. harmful34. performances35. effective36. monthly37. limited【解析】31题详解】考查形容词。句意：人们穿便装时感觉更放松。根据后文“wearing casual clothes”可知，穿便装，人应 该感到放松，应选relax为动词意为“放松”，空前是系动词feel,所以应该用形容词形式，主语是人， 应该用动词-ed形式。故填relaxed(>32题详解】考查形容词。句意：演员们太棒了。他们都很有才华。根据前文“The actors are just amazing"，可知， 他们都是有才华的，应选laleni,又因空前是系动词are,所以要用形容词形式，talent的形容词是 talentedo 故填 talentedo【33题详解】考查形容词。句意：医生警告人们注意吸烟的有害影响。根据后文的“smoking”可知，吸烟是有害的， 应选hami,又因空后是名词effects,所以空处应用形容词，haim的形容词是hannful。故填hannful。34题详解】考查名词。句意：如果你养成反思学习方式 习惯，你作为一个学生的表现将会很出色。根据后文“if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn M可知，如果你养成反思学习方式的习惯，你作为一个学 生的表现将会很出色，所以应选perform,又因为空前是形容词性物主代词，所以空处应填名词，perform 的名词为perfonnance是可数名词，此处应用复数形式。故填performances。考查形容词。句意：这则广告很简单，但却非常有效。根据bui可知，此句表达的意思是广告虽然简单， 但是有效，所以选efTeci,又空处和前文simple并列，所以应该用形容词形式，effect的形容词是 effective。故填 effective。【36题详解】考查副词。句意：这些机器必须每月检查一次。根据前文的checked可知，此处应表示没有检查一次，故 应选month, 乂空处是修饰动词checked,所以应该用副词形式，month的副词为monthly。故填 monthly o【37题详解】考查形容词。句意：我们正在利用有限的资源尽最大努力。根据后文的“available”可知，资源应是有限 的，应选limit,又空后是名词resource,所以空处应填形容词，limit的形容词是limited。故填limited。n.语法填空（共io小题；每小题1分，共io分）在未给提示词的空白处填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确 形式填空。38. Roots & Shoots is an institute（establish） in the early 1990s by Dr. Jane Goodall.（所给词的适当形 式填空）【答案】established【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：“根与芽”是简-占道尔博士在20世纪90年代早期建立的一个研究 所。名词institute与establish之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。根据句意，故填 established p39. Beijing Opera is one of China's national. （treasure）（所给词的适当形式填空）【答案】treasures【解析】【详解】考查名词的数。句意：京剧是中国的国宝之一。oneof+复数名词。根据句意，故填treasures。40. A 19-mctcr sperm whale（rescue） from the shores of Xiangshan county in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, on April 20.（所给词的适当形式填空）【答案】was rescued【解析】【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：4月20FI，一条19米长的抹香鲸在浙江省宁波市象山县海岸 获救。根据句中时间状语on April 20可知，用一般过去时。主语A 19-meter sperm whale与rescue之间为 被动关系，所以用被动语态，且主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数。故填was rescued。41. The Shenzhou XIV crew（meet） another three astronauts from the Shenzhou XV mission in December, 2022.（所给词的适当形式填空）【答案】will meet【解析】【详解】考查时态。句意：2022年12月，神舟十四号乘组将与神舟十五号的另外三名宇航员会合。根据 时间状语in December, 2022可知，用一般将来时。根据句意，故填will meet。42. More expressways will be built soon（promote） the local economy.（所给词的适当形式填空）【答案】to promote【解析】【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：不久将修建更多的高速公路，以促进当地经济发展。句中用不定式作 目的状语。根据句意，故填to promote。43. Tu Youyou is the scientist discovery has led （o the development of new drugs which have savedmillions of lives.（用适当的词填空）【答案】whose【解析】【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：屠呦呦是一位科学家，他的发现导致了新药物的开发，拯救了数 百万人的生命。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是定语从句，先行词是Ihe scientist,从句部分缺少定 语，所以应是whose引导。故填whose。44. We all know that there are various types of pollution around us,may cause different kinds of environmental problems.（用适当的词填空）【答案】which【解析】【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们都知道，我们周围有各种各样的污染，这些污染可能会导致各种各 样的环境问题。句中先行词为types of pollution,在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which 引导。故填which。45. Why didn't I see you at Jim's birthday party