英语： 高考阅读理解解题技巧(推理判断题)_中学教育-高考.pdf

高考阅读理解推理判断题解题指导 在高考阅读理解试题中，推理判断题的考查每年都占阅读理解试题的一半左右。推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题，很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力，没有把握。一、题型特点与命题方式 既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。这类试题常以如下句式发问：What can you conclude from this passage？What s the author s attitude towards.？We can infer from the passage that.Which statement is(not)true？What is the authors attitude towards?二、解题思路与应试技巧 考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。首先，考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，考生一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法，主观臆断。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用 scanning 方法，迅速在阅读材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证、原因与结果、主观点与次观点。下面结合最新高考试题，对推理判断题的不同类型加以解读。1、抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。【考例】（2008 全国卷 I，B 篇）63.We learn from the last paragraph that Del Monte_.A.allowed other companies to develop pineapples B.succeeded in keeping the pineapple for itself C.tried hard to control the pineapple market D.planned to help the other companies 【解析】C。从原文最后一段 Seeing the growing market for its winning pineapple,Del Monte tried to keep the market to itself.But other fruit companies developed similar pineapples.Del Monte turned to law for help but failed.Those companies argued successfully that Del Montes attempts to keep the golden pineapple for itself were just a way to knock them out of the market.可知，Del Monte 为了控制菠萝市场，想尽了一切办法，甚至不惜诉诸法律。2、整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。【考例】（2008 全国卷 I，C 篇）67.What is the purpose of the text?A.To show how to enjoy fishing.B.To persuade people to fish less often.C.To encourage people to set fish free D.To give advice on how to release fish.【解析】D。文章开头部分提到“It is often necessary to release a fish”（对鱼放生是很必要的），然后就鱼放生后怎么容易存活给出了 5 条建议，最后得出结论：With a little care and by following the suggestions given above,you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.因此，这篇文章的目的是告诉人们怎样对鱼进行放生。3、利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 很多文章的语境都有一定褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨文意的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。认真阅读原文并找出反映语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子，对我们掌握文章主旨文意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。【考例】（2008 天津卷，E 篇）55.How does the author feel about his childhood?A.Happy but short.B.Lonely but memorable.C.Boring and meaningless.D.Long and unforgettable.【解析】A。文章前三段用大量的篇幅描绘孩子们在树林中自由自在玩耍的美好时光，最后一段提到突然有一天在树上玩耍时意识到已经是七年级的学生了，开始到了朦朦胧胧的青春期了，已经长大，不能再爬树玩耍了，作者的心理在这一刻发生了巨大变化，由此推知，作者感到童年是快乐的，但是又是短暂的，不知不觉已经步入青年的行列。4、根据文章的结论推断作者的态度 作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。【考例】（2008 江西卷，C 篇）67.What is the authors attitude towards Nigels actions?A.He is mildly critical B.He is strongly critical C.He is in favor of them D.His attitude is not clear【解析】A。从第二段来看，Nigel 与 Alicia 交朋友并帮助她的真正原因是不引起她的怀疑并力图在比赛中打败她而获得 1000 美元的奖金，根据最后一段来看，作者并不赞同Nigel 的做法，但也没提出强烈的批评，而只是说 Without her,he would never win the competition.可以看出作者对他的做法暗含批评意味。5、根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力没有把握一题型特点与命题方式既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思又要求考生对作者的态度意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断力求定要从整体上把握语篇内容在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义已知信息与知信息间架起桥梁透过字里行间去体会作者的弦外之音首先考生在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节分析文章结构根据上下文内在联系挖掘文章的深层含义在进行推动机事件的因果关系及作者言明的倾向意图态度观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断推理分析进一步增强理解能力抓住材料实质性的东西再次在解答推理性问题时应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断还是针对主题思想作者的意从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。【考例】（2008 江苏卷，A 篇）58.In the next part,the author would most probably discuss with you _.A.how to keep up with the times B.how to make up for lost time C.how to have a good time D.how to make good use of time【解析】D。由文章最后一句话“what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes.”可以推测出下面要谈的应该是“怎样利用好时间”。巩固练习：A A small piece of fish each day may keep the heart doctor away.Thats the finding of a stud y of Dutch men in which deaths from heart disease were more than 50 percent lower among those who consumed at least an ounce of salt water fish per day compared to those who never ate fish.The Dutch research is one of three human studies that give strong scientific support to the long held belief that eating fish can provide health benefits,particularly to the heart.Heart disease is the number-one killer in the United States,with more than 550,000 deaths occurring from heart attacks each year.But previous research has shown that the level of heart disease is lower in cultures that consume more fish than Americans do.There are fewer heart disease deaths,for example,among the Eskimos of Greenland,who consume about 14 ounces of fish a day,and among the Japanese,whose daily fish consumption averages more than 3 ounces.For 20 years,the Dutch study followed 852 middle-aged men,20 percent of whom ate no fish.At the start of the study,average fish consumption was about two-thirds of an ounce each day,with more men eating lean fish than fatty fish.During the next two decades,78 of the men died from heart disease.The fewest deaths were among the group who regularly ate fish,even at levels far lower than those of the Japanese or Eskimos.This relationship was true regardless of other factors such as age,high blood pressure,or blood cholesterol（胆固醇）levels.1The passage is mainly about _.Athe high incidence of heart disease in some countries Bthe changes in peoples diet Cthe effect of fish eating on peoples health Dthe daily fish consumption of people in different cultures 2We can infer from the passage that there are fewer heart disease deaths _.Ain countries of the yellow-skin race Bin highly-developed countries Cin the countries with high consumption of fish Din the countries with good production of fish 3The phrase“this relationship”in paragraph 6 refers to the connection between _ and the level of heart disease.Athe amount of fish eaten Bregular fish-eating Cthe kind of fish eaten Dpeople of different areas 4From the passage we know the author is most probably _.理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力没有把握一题型特点与命题方式既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思又要求考生对作者的态度意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断力求定要从整体上把握语篇内容在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义已知信息与知信息间架起桥梁透过字里行间去体会作者的弦外之音首先考生在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节分析文章结构根据上下文内在联系挖掘文章的深层含义在进行推动机事件的因果关系及作者言明的倾向意图态度观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断推理分析进一步增强理解能力抓住材料实质性的东西再次在解答推理性问题时应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断还是针对主题思想作者的意Aa heart doctor Ba science researcher Ca supporter of healthy eating Da university student 答案解析：1C 文章通过列举数据的方式谈了吃鱼对人的身体健康所产生的影响。2C 从第三段“But previous research has shown that the level of heart disease is Lower in cultures that consume more fish than Americans do”可知 C 项为正确答案。3B 从最后一段可知：在近 20 年里，78%的人死于心脏病。死亡率最低的是那些有规律吃 鱼的人群，他们甚至比日本人及爱斯基摩人更低。结合上下文不难推断出“这种关系”是指 有规律吃鱼和心脏病发病率的关系。4C 通读全文不难看出作者至少是一位支持健康饮食的人。B Global warming threatens to hold back human progress,and make unachievable all UN targets to reduce poverty,according to some of the worlds leading international and development groups.In a report published today,Oxfam,Greenpeace,Christian Aid,Friends of the Earth,WWF and 15 other groups say rich governments must immediately address climate change to avoid even“unbearable levels”of worldwide poverty.“Food production,water supplies,public health and peoples living environment are already being damaged,”the report says.“The world must meet its promise to achieve poverty reduction and also deal with climate change.”The report,which draws on UN predictions of the effects of climate change in poor countries over the next 50 years,says poor countries will experience more flooding,declining food production,more disease and the worsening or disappearing of entire ecosystems(生态系统)on which many of the world s poorest people depend.“Climate change needs to be addressed now.The poor will bear the burden of it.The frontline experience of many of us working in international development indicates that communities are having to fight against more extreme weather conditions.”Climate change will play havoc(浩劫)with agriculture and water supplies and will increase diseases.“By 2025 the proportion of the world s population living in countries of great water stress will almost double,to 6 billion people.Tropical and sub-tropical areas will be hardest hit those countries already suffering from food shortage”.Poor countries mostly do not need high-tech solutions,but would most benefit from education,research and being shown how to farm better.The report says unchecked global warming,more than wars or political confusion,will displace millions of people and destabilize(不安定)many countries.5._ should play a leading role in resisting the more extreme weather conditions according to the report.A.International groups B.Poor countries C.Rich countries D.Tropical and sub-tropical countries 答案：C 细节题。根据第二段中的“rich governments must immediately address climate change to avoid even unbearable levels of worldwide poverty”一句的意义可知：财力富足的政府必须立即致力于改变日益恶化的气候条件，以免全球范围内的贫穷上升到无法忍受的程度。由此可判断富裕国家应该起主导作用。6.Which of the following is not the effect of global warming according to the report?A.More natural disasters and starvation.理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力没有把握一题型特点与命题方式既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思又要求考生对作者的态度意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断力求定要从整体上把握语篇内容在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义已知信息与知信息间架起桥梁透过字里行间去体会作者的弦外之音首先考生在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节分析文章结构根据上下文内在联系挖掘文章的深层含义在进行推动机事件的因果关系及作者言明的倾向意图态度观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断推理分析进一步增强理解能力抓住材料实质性的东西再次在解答推理性问题时应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断还是针对主题思想作者的意B.Increasing the worlds population.C.Making millions of people move to other places.D.Shaking the foundation of a country.答案：B 归纳题。文章第四段提到：气候变化将导致愈演愈烈的洪灾，不断衰减的粮食生产，疾病的威胁以及整个生态系统的退化甚至消失。文章最后一句又说：尚未得到抑制的全球变暖比战争和政变更可怕，它将迫使数百万人口迁移，动摇很多国家的安定局面。而 B项在短文中没有提及。7.Which of the following is not true according to the text?A.Poverty and climate change are closely linked.B.More and more people will suffer from the water stress and food shortage.C.What the poor countries need badly is high technology.D.International communities have to take steps to resist the bad climate.答案：C 判断题。短文最后一段表述的意义是：对贫穷的社会来说，它们几乎不需要高科技的解决方案，但是教育、科研以及教授更好地耕作方式将使它们受益最多。此据判断可知。8.What is the best title of the passage?A.International Development Brings in Climate Change B.Global Warming Is a Bigger Threat to Poor C.International Groups Work Together to Reduce Poverty D.Worldwide Poverty Shall Be Avoided 答案：B 主旨题。短文第一段第一句就表述了全文的中心，其意义是：据全球主要的国际发展组织推测，全球 变暖不但威胁着人类发展的进程，有可能使之倒退，而且联合国所有减少贫穷的目标和计划都将无法实现。由此可简述为：全球气候变暖加剧贫穷。理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力没有把握一题型特点与命题方式既要求考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思又要求考生对作者的态度意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断力求定要从整体上把握语篇内容在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义已知信息与知信息间架起桥梁透过字里行间去体会作者的弦外之音首先考生在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节分析文章结构根据上下文内在联系挖掘文章的深层含义在进行推动机事件的因果关系及作者言明的倾向意图态度观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断推理分析进一步增强理解能力抓住材料实质性的东西再次在解答推理性问题时应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断还是针对主题思想作者的意