2013吉林考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

20132013 吉林考研英语一真题及答案吉林考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that1theability to make judgments which are unbiased by2factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohnspeculated that an inability to consider the big3was leading decision-makersto be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4,hetheorised that a judge5of appearing too soft6crime might be more likely tosend someone to prison7he had already sentenced five or six other defendantsonly to forced community service on that day.To8this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the9of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interviewduring the same day,but Dr.Simonsoho suspected the truth was11.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews12by 31 admissions officers.Theinterviewers had13applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale14numerousfactors into consideration.The scores were15used in conjunction with anapplicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardizedexam which is16out of 800 points,to make a decision on whether to accept himor her.Dr.Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series ofinterviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one17that,thenthe score for the next applicant would18by an average of 0.075 points.This mightsound small,but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30more GMAT points than would otherwise have been20.1.A grantsB submitsC transmitsD delivers2.A minorB externalC crucialD objective3.A issueB visionC pictureD moment4.A Above allB On averageC In principleD For example5.A fondB fearfulC capableD thoughtless6.A inB forC toD on7.A ifB untilC thoughD unless8.A testB emphasizeC shareD promote9.A decisionB qualityC statusD success10.A foundB studiedC chosenD identified11.A otherwiseB defensibleC replaceableD exceptional12.A inspiredB expressedC conductedD secured13.A assignedB ratedC matchedD arranged14.A putB gotC tookD gave15.A insteadB thenC everD rather16.A selectedB passedC markedD introduced17.A belowB afterC aboveD before18.A jumpB floatC fluctuateD drop19.A achieveB undoC maintainD disregard20.A necessaryB possibleC promisingD helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by MerylStreep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her.Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweaterdescended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargainbin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date orat odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Clinesthree-year indictment of“fast fashion”.In the last decade or so,advances intechnology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to reactto trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnaroundsmean less wasted inventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.These labelsencourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposablemeant to last onlya wash or two,although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe everyfew weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,thesebrands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to aseasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&Mto offer a$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world,itmust rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers likeMichael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billion garments a yearabout 64 items per personandno matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman namedSarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008 has made all of her own clothesand beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on laborand the environmentincluding H&M,with its green Conscious Collection lineClinebelieves lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits theidealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when theycant afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _.A lack of imaginationB poor bargaining skillC obsession with high fashionD insensitivity to fashion22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to _.A combat unnecessary wasteB shop for their garments more frequentlyC resist the influence of advertisementsD shut out the feverishfashion world23.The word“indictment”(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to _.A accusationB enthusiasmC indifferenceD tolerance24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashionindustry ignores sustainability.C Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.D People are moreinterested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-marketsecretText 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wastedthe troubleis,no one knows which half.In the internet age,at least in theory,this fractioncan be much reduced.By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioral”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers ofsuch fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy tobe tracked and sent behavioral ads?Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a“donot track”(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisersthat they did not want to be followed.Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year.In Februarythe FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would getcracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row:It said that InternetExplorer 10,the versiondue to appear Windows 8,would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified.Human nature being what it is,most people stick withdefault settings.Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,saysconsumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about theirpreferences.People will not get fewer ads,he says,“theyll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Getting a DNT signal does not obligeanyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable totell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are stickingwith Microsofts default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.After all,it has an ad businesstoo,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working outhow.If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:There is no guarantee that DNT by default willbecome the norm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Googles on that count before.Brendon Lynch,Microsofts chief privacy officer,blogged:“we believe consumers should have more control.”Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioral”ads help advertisers to_.A lower their operational costsB easecompetition among themselvesC avoid complaints from consumersD providebetter online services27.“The industry”(Line 5,Para.3)refers to_.A online advertisersBe-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisDinternet browser developers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default _.A goes against human natureB fails toaffect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD manycut the number of junk ads29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?A Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral adsB DNT may not serveits intended purposeC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers arewilling to implement DNT30.The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is oneof_.A appreciationB understandingC indulgenceD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largelythough by nomeans uniformlyglowingly positive.Science and technology would cure all the illsof humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of therange of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forwardto.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species haveendured for millions of yearsso why shouldnt we?Take a broader look at ourspecies place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chanceof surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiensin the“Red List”of threatened species of the international Union for theConcentration of Nature(IUCN),and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as thespecies is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there areno major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers and organizationsare now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the Long Now Foundationhas as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be markingtime thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than aboutthe more immediate future.The potential evolution of todays technology,and itssocial consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and its perhaps best left toscience-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we canenvisage.Thats one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicatedto the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say withconsiderable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we havenow identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which ourdescendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likelyto be a passing fad.To be sure,the future is not all rosy.But we are nowknowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence ofearlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by _.A our desire for lives of fulfillment.B our faithin science and technology.C our awareness of potential risks.D ourbelief in equal opportunity.32.The IUCNs“Red List”suggests that human beings are _.A a misplaced race.B asustained species.C the worlds dominant power.D a threatto the environment.33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A The interest in science fiction is on the rise.B Arc helpslimit the scope of futurological studies.C Technology offers solutions to social problems.D Our immediatefuture is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to _.A draw on our experience from the past.B adopt an optimistic view of theworld.C explore our planets abundant resources.D curb our ambition to reshapehistory.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.D Science,Technology andHumanity.Text 4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigrationlaw Mondaya modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the moreimportant matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for theAdministrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal governmentand the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contestedprovisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforcefederal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone hasthe power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal lawsprecede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion statepolicies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courtsliberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.On the overturnedprovisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona has thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legalstatus of people who come in contact with law enforcement.Thats because Congresshas always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.Two of the three objecting JusticesSamuel Alito and Clarence Thomasagreed withthis Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted withthe federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,whooffered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien andSedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describesin his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The WhiteHouse argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,evenif state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,the WhiteHouse claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law tha