2014吉林考研英语二真题及答案.pdf

20142014 吉林考研英语二真题及答案吉林考研英语二真题及答案SectionSection I I UseUse ofof EnglishEnglishDirectionsDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blankand mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Thinner isnt always better.A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weightpeople are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who areoverweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually_2_.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiencythan thin women._3_ among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an_4_ of good health.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficultto define.It is often defined _6_ body mass index,or BMI.BMI _7_ body massdivided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often consideredto be normal weight.Between 25 and 30 is overweight.And over 30 is considered obese.Obesity,_8_,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and veryseverely obese.While such numerical standards seem9,they are not.Obesity is probably lessa matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremelyfit,10others with a low BMI may be in poor 11.For example,many collegiate andprofessional football players12as obese,though their percentage body fat islow.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13BMI.Today we have a(an)_14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight aresometimes_15 _in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes _16_ with obesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harborbiases against the obese._17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity,_18_in health concerns,have stimulateda number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks fromits facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20 _ childhood obesity,evenclaiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1.A denied B conduced C doubled D ensured2.A protective B dangerous C sufficient Dtroublesome3.A Instead B However C Likewise D Therefore4.A indicator B objective C origin D example5.A impact B relevance C assistance D concern6.A in terms of B in case of C in favor of D in of7.A measures B determines C equals D modifies8.A in essence B in contrast C in turn D in part9.A complicated B conservative C variable D straightforward10.A so B unlike C since D unless11.A shape B spirit C balance D taste12.A start B quality C retire D stay13.A strange B changeable C normal D constant14.A option B reason C opportunity D tendency15.A employed B pictured C imitated D monitored16.A B combined C settled D associated17.A Even B Still C Yet D Only18.A despised B corrected C ignored D grounded19.A discussions B businesses C policies D studies20.A for B against C with D withoutSectionSection IIII ReadingReading ComprehensionComprehensionPartPart A ADirections:Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)TextText 1 1What would you do with 590m?This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie,an84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small,tin-roofed house in Floridato collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she hopes hernew-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment,she could do worsethan read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the mostrewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.Fantasies of great wealthoften involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Yet satisfaction withthese material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and newbecomes old-hat;regret creeps in.It is far better to spend money on experiences,say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton,like interesting trips,unique meals or even going tothe cinema.These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories ormemories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winnersget the most happiness bang for your buck.It seems most people would be betteroff if they could shorten their commutes to work,spend more time with friends andfamily and less of it watching television(something the average American spendsa whopping two months a year doing,and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts orgiving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,andluxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.This is apparentlythe reason MacDonalds restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketingtrick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of“HappyMoney”are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfillment,not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries aregenerally happier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good andspending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone willagree with the authors policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday timeto reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.But most people will come awayfrom this book believing it was money well spent.21.According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewardingpurchase?AA big houseBA special tourCA stylish carDA rich meal22.The authors attitude toward Americans watching TV isAcriticalBsupportiveCsympatheticDambiguous23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show thatAconsumers are sometimes irrationalBpopularity usually comes after qualityCmarketing tricks are after effectiveDrarity generally increases pleasure24.According to the last paragraph,Happy MoneyAhas left much room for readerscriticismBmay prove to be a worthwhile purchaseChas predicted a wider income gap in the usDmay give its readers a sense of achievement25.This text mainly discusses how toAbalance feeling good and spending moneyBspend large sums of money won in lotteriesCobtain lasting satisfaction from money spentDbecome more reasonable in spending on luxuriesTextText 2 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research saysthat,actually,you think youre more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seatedneed to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancingstrategies to research into what the call the“above average effect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above averagein leadership,93%in driving and 85%at getting on well with othersall obviouslystatistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.Webecome defensive when criticized,and apply negative stereotypes to others to boostour own esteem,we stalk around thinking were hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying intoself-enhancement and attractiveness.Rather that have people simply rate theirbeauty compress with others,he asked them to identify an original photogragh ofthemselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear moreand less attractive.Visual recognition,reads the study,is“an automaticpsychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparentconscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which must did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley foundno significant gender difference in responses.Nor was there any evidence that,thosewho self-enhance the must(that is,the participants who thought the most positivelydoctored picture were real)were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.Infact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were realdirectly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higherself-esteem.“I dont think the findings that we having have are any evidence ofpersonal delusion”,says Epley.“Its a reflection simply of people generallythinking well of themselves.If you are depressed,you wont be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epleys study,it makes sense that why people heat photographsof themselves Viscerally-on one level,they dont even recognise the person in thepicture as themselves,Facebook therefore,is a self-enhancers paradise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,intellect and lifestyle its not that peoples profiles aredishonest,says catalina toma of WisconMadison university,”but they portray anidealized version of themselves.26.According to the first paragraph,social psychologist have found that_.A our self-ratings are unrealistically highB illusory superiority is baseless effectC our need for leadership is unnaturalD self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be peoples_A rapid watchingB conscious choiceC intuitive responseD automatic self-defence28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to_A underestimate their insecuritiesB believe in their attractivenessC cover up their depressionsD oversimplify their illusions29.The word“Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5)is closest in meaning to_.AinstinctivelyBoccasionallyCparticularlyDaggressively30.It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancers paradise because peoplecan _.Apresent their dishonest profilesBdefine their traditional life stylesCshare their intellectual pursuitsDwithhold their unflattering sidesTextText 3 3Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society.Tears,be they of sorrow,anger,on joy,typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed.Theshedder of tears is likely to apologize,even when a devastating(毁灭性的)tragedywas the provocation.The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible toput an end to the emotional outpouring.But judging form recent studies of cryingbehavior,links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears.Sinceevolution has given rise to few,if any,purposeless physiological responset,itis logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistanceform others(as a crying baby might from its mother),the shedding of tears is hardlynecessary to get help.Vocal cries would have been quite enough,more likely thantears to gain attention,So,it appears,there must be something special about tearsthemselves.Indeed,the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role inalleviating stress,University of Minnesota researchers who are studying thechemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals fromemotional tears.Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in responseto emotion.Tears shed because of exposure to=cut onion would contain no suchsubstance.Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness oftears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.At Tulane University s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and hiscolleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure tomedication(药物),to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it maybe uncomfortable,to study the causes of“dry eye”syndrome and the effects ofeye surgery,and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for cluesto the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes.Tears can be obtained painlesslywithout invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refinedanalyses.31.It is known from the first paragraph that _.A)shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to AmericanB)crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedyC)crying usually wins sympathy from other peopleD)one who sheds tears in public will be blamed32.What does“both those responses to tears”(Line 6,Para,1)refer to?A)Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.B)The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.C)The tear shedders apology and the observers effort to stop the crying.D)Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.33.“Counterproductive”(Lines 6-7,Para,1)very probably means“_”.A)having no effect at allB)leading to tensionC)producing disastrous impactD)harmful to health34.What does the author say about crying?A)It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.B)It must have a role to play in mans survival.C)It is meant to get attention and assistance.D)It usually produces the desired effect.35.What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?A)Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.B)Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.C)Emotional tears can give rise to“dry eye”syndrome in some cases.D)Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.TextText 4 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy thefocus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldommentioned.Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We havenot been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economicgrowth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shovefor attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project,so it is inevitablethat the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reasonis that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting listsincrease all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government tohelp rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take somesteps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communitiesminister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that localauthorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that 60,000extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rentalenvironment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registeredproviders to fund new developm