2023年英语历年考研真题阅读翻译.docx

2023Part A Text 1The decision of the NewYork Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its nextmusic director has been the talk of the classical-music worldever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2023. For the most part, the response has been favorable,tosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times, calls him an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover, they can be consumedat a time and place of the listeners choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferent, morevibrant organization. But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must firstchange the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.译文：纽约爱乐乐团打算聘请 Alan Gilbert 作为下一任的音乐总监，这从 2023 年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议.别的不说，大局部人的反响是乐观的.好啊，最终好了！ Anthony Tommasini 写道，他可是一个以严峻著称的古典音乐评论家.但是，这个任命之所以一起人们惊异的缘由却是 Gilbert 相对而言并不是很知名.甚至在时代杂志上发文支持 Gilbert 任命的 Tommasini 都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质 .纽约爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像 Gustav Mahler(古斯塔夫马勒)和 Pierre Boulez 布列兹那样的音乐家领导的.这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬.就我看来，我不知道 Gilbert 是否是一个宏大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥. 但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多好玩的乐章，但是我却应当不会去 Avery Fisher Hall 或者其他地方去听一场好玩的交响乐演出.我要做的事情就是去我的CD 架上，或者翻开的我的电脑从 ITUNES 上下载更多的唱片.那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们无视了一些事情.当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们(其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述)不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争， 而且还需要和那些记录了 20 世纪的宏大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争.唱片很廉价，那里都能买到，并且比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高 .进一步的讲，听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点.这些处处可以获得的唱片给传统的演出机构带来了危机.对于古典音乐演奏者而言，他们可能的一个回应就是排练出唱片上没有的曲目.Gilbert 对音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：Alex Ross，一名古典音乐的批判家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织 . 但是那种不同的性质也是什么呢？可能仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的，假设Gilbert 和他的乐团要进步的话，他们就必需首先转变美国最古老的乐团(就是纽约爱乐乐团)同他们想吸引的观众间的关系.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving to pursue my goal of running a company. Broadcasting his ambition was very much my decision, McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Expressquit with the explanation that theywere looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry， senior partnerDennis Carey :I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo (PEP) a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2023 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.Thetraditionalrulewasitssafertostaywhereyouare,butthatsbeenfundamentally inverted, says one headhunter. The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.译文：当八月份，Liam McGee 以总裁的身份从美国银行离职的时候，他的解释出人意料的直白.他没有忸怩的用寻常的模糊的理由来遮掩他的离开，他很坦诚的讲他离开就是为了去追求他经营一家公司的目标.McGee 说宣扬自己的目标就是自己的打算.两周后，他第一次和 Hartford Financial Services Group 的董事会第一次会谈，这家公司在 9 月 29 日提名他为董事会主席和 CEO.他说在离开的时候并没有找好后面的职位(下家)，使他有时间去反思他到底想去经营一家什么样的公司.这同时也就他的激情和决心，给了外界一个清楚的信号.这样做的并不只是 McGee 一个人.最近几周，Avon and American Express 的一些高级经理离职并解释说想需找一个CEO 的职位.当董事会迫于股东的压力对一系列的打算进展审查的时候，那些打算被否认掉的经理们也会想离开 .猛烈的商业环境同样使得高级经理很留神，模糊的表态可能会破坏他们的声誉.当经济复苏的标志开头确定的时候，二把手们可能更情愿在没有网(的工作) 状况下换工作.第三季度，依据 Liberum 的调查，CEO 的更迭和一年前相比削减了 23%，这是由于紧急的董事会紧盯着他们的 CEO 们.随着经济的复苏和好转， 对有抱负的头儿们，时机是很多的.离开高管的职位去查找一个更好的职位，并不是传统的做法 .多年以来，经理们和猎头们都认同这样一个原则：最有吸引力的 CEO 的竞争是那些需要去挖来的人.Korn Ferry， senior partner Dennis Carey 说道：我所做的每一次的聘请中， 董事会都要求我从那些在任的 CEO 中查找人选.那些没有找到工作就离开的人并不是很快就能找到顶级的职位 .10 年前， Tropicana 被 PepsiCo (PEP)收购了，她以经理的身份离职了，她说他想当 CEO. 但是花了一年的时间她才成为一家小型互联网交换公司的头 .2023 年 Robert Willumstad 带着想成为CEO 的梦想离开了Citigroup.可是三年后他才成为了一家主要的金融机构的 CEO.很多聘请的人都说对于高管而言，过去认为的丢脸的感觉(没有工作)已经渐渐消逝了.金融危机已经使得跳槽，离开一个不好的工作变得更加可以承受了.一个猎头就说到： 传统的规章是待在你原来的地方会更加安全，但是现在已经彻底转变了. 那些受伤最厉害的就是那里在一个地方待太久的人.Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer. While traditional paid media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned“ media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage owned media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact，the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing”s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communicationschoices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from itsrecallcrisisearlierthisyear witharelatively quickandwell-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.译文：过去，市场营销的成功诀窍简而言之就是一分钱一分货.然而时过境迁.虽然传统的付费(paid)媒介，比方电视和播送广告、平面广告和路边广告牌等，照旧扮演着重要角色，但企业如今还可以利用很多其他形式的媒介 .比方，痴迷于某种产品的消费者，可能会情愿将之推举给朋友，从而为企业制造因产品的优良品质带来的无偿(earned)媒介.企业还可以利用自有(owned)媒介，通过邮件向 其网站的注册用户发送产品和销售提示.事实上，如今消费者作出购置打算的方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介之外的广泛因素.营销人员通过付费和自有媒介推销其产品，而在 无偿 媒介方面，营销人员就像是触发用户响应的初始催化剂.在某些状况下，某营销者的自有媒介会成为另一个营销者的付费媒介.比方，当某电子商务零售商出售其网站的广告空间时，我们就将这种 售出 媒介定义为拥有巨大流量、以致其他机构纷纷前来投放内容或电子商务引擎的自有媒介.我们认为，这种趋势已蓬勃发端于零售商和航空、酒店等旅游供给商，虽然还处于初始阶段，但无疑可以走得更远 .比方，强生公司创立了著名网站 BabyCenter，借以推广互补性乃至竞争性产品，而其他营销者的消灭不仅带来了收入，还令该网站看起来公正客观，并且使企业有时机从其他公司的营销活动中获得贵重的信息，最终还有助于扩大全部相关企业的用户流量.猛烈的技术变革使营销人员获得了数量更多、种类更广的沟通选择，但同时也带来了更高的风险，由于感动的消费者能够以更快速、更明显、更有害的方式来表达他们的意见.这就是与 无偿 媒介相对的 劫持 媒介：某项资产或活动变成了对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他股东或乐观分子的劫持物 .比方，社交网络用户正领悟到，他们可以通过 劫持 媒介来对最初创立该媒介的企业施加压力.假设那种事情发生，感动的消费者试图劝服其他人共同抵抗两家公司的产品， 从而危及企业声誉.当这种事情发生的时候，假设企业的回应不够快或不够好， 那么就可能酿成悲剧.比方，在今年较早前发生的召回危机中，丰田汽车公司采 取了较快且较有序的社交媒体回应行动，包括在 Twitter 和社会闻网站 Digg 等网站上与客户进展直接沟通，从而挽回了局部损失.Text 4Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful, provocative magazine cover story, I love My Children, I Hate My Life, is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enrichingexperience. Rather thanconcluding thatchildrenmake parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kidscan be soul- crushingly hard, Senior writes that the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive and newly single mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual Jennifer Aniston is pregnant news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupport kitten-killing ? It doesnt seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldnt have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly andPeople present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their own (read: with round -the-clock help) is a piece of cake.Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But its interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness- enhancing parenthood arent in some small, subconsc ious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting the Rachel might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.译文：毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior 在有煸动意味的的杂志封面故事中表达了她的独到见解， 我爱我的孩子们，我厌烦我的生活这唤起了人们的谈兴.人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情.Jennifer Senior 没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母欢快呢还是苦痛呢，她倒是认为，我们需要重定义幸福：幸福不应当是一个个瞬间的欢快组合的可以被衡量的东西；我们应当把幸福视为一种过去式的状态 .尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior 认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢快的源泉.杂志封面上一位给力的母亲抱着一个得意的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子(麦当娜和孩子)的图画这周在杂志上屡次消灭.例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲 有时是刚变成单身母亲桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的詹尼弗阿尼斯顿 怀孕了的闻.实际上，每周都有至少一位名人母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者.在一个不断地庆祝生育的社会中，成认自己懊悔生育孩子就相当于成认自己支持杀小猫，这莫非不值得反思吗？把父母的懊悔与孩子的懊悔相比较，这明显并不合理.没有人会去让不情愿养孩子的父母去反思自己是否不该养孩子，但是那不幸福的没有孩子的人却为类似这样的信息所困扰：孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西，明显，你们的不幸必需通过生儿育女才能得以消退.固然，像美国周刊与人物这样的杂志供给的名人父母的形象是格外不切实际的. 特别是像 Bullock 这样的单身母亲时更是如此.多项争论说明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更欢快，而单亲家庭是最不欢快的 .这并不惊异，由于一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了，没有人可以依靠.然而，你听听 Sandra 和 Britney 说的话：自己一个人养孩子，其实格外简洁.(她们固然觉得简洁了，由于她们是在 四周有一帮人全天侯的侯着啊.)很难想象有的人生孩子就只是很傻很天真由于Reese 和Angelina 这种名流使这种行为变的很光鲜，多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是剪头发那样简洁 .但这确实好玩：反思一下我们每周看到的无忧无虑，幸福迷人的为人父母的生活会不会从一种微小的，无意识的方面加剧我们对于现实生活的不满 .这种方式就似乎：我们有那种想成为 the Rachel(老友记中的单身妈妈)的心理，这种心理，使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗安尼斯顿(Rachel 的扮演者).