高考英语语法易错点归纳.docx

高考英语语法易错点归纳第一讲定语从句一、只能用that引导定语从句的状况：1 . 先行词是不定代词 everything, nothing, anything, all, much, many, a lot, few, little, none 等时。 如：He was so hungry that he ate up everything that was put in front of him.He saw much that was bad.There is little that I can do for you.2 .先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。如：He is the first student that I got to know in this school.This will be the last thing that I will do.3 .先行词被最高级修饰或先行词本身就是最高级时丁如：This is the most interesting film that I have seen this year.This book is the most expensive that I have bought so far.4 . 先彳亍词被 all, every, some, next, any, no, many, much, the only, the very 等修饰时。如： He is the very man that I am after.5 . 一些以who, which开头的句子，为了避开重复，也要用that作关系代词。如： Which is the book that you have just paid for?Who is the person that you are looking for?6 .先行词既指人也指物时。如：We talked about the things and persons that we still remembered.7 . the way用作先行词时，引导词用that或in which,也可省略，但不能用which。如： This is the only way (that / in which) you can work out this problem.8 .关系代词在定语从句中作表语时.(只限于限定性定语从句)。如：Mr. Smith still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.二、只能用which引导定语从句的状况：1 .在引导非限定性定语从句，且which指代前面的整个句子时。这一用法是高考的一个热点。如：Mary failed in the examination, which worried her mother a lot.2 .在介词的后面只能用关系代词which来指代前面表示物的名词。如：I bought a lot of books yesterday, most of which are in English.三、as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区分：1 .从句意上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句通常表示“正如，正像的那样"；而which引导非限定性定语从 句时指代前面整个句子的内容。如：Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all.China is making rapid progress, as everybody can see.Mary didn' t pass the driving test, which made her very sad.2 .从位置上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句可以放在句子的前面、后面，甚至可放在这个句子的中间。因为，实质 上，as引导的非限定性定语从句是一个插入语，用来对一个句子进行附加说明。故它在句中的位置比较敏捷；而which 引导的非限定性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。如：As is mentioned above, our school still calls for many skilled teachers.He is late again, as is often the case.Many people, as you know, are learning foreign languages.He changed his mind, which made me very angry.3 .从搭配上讲，as引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词。$fl： see, hear, know, expect, guess, hope, remember等；而which引导的非限定性定语从句中的谓语动词则没有这样的特点。如：The weather turned out fine, as we had expected.Don, t go out, will you?第九讲主谓一样主谓一样是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目。下面将这个问题分类向大家说明，以期同学们更好地驾驭这一语法 项目。一、名词作主语时应留意以下问题：1 .有的名词既可被看作一个整体，又可被看作这个整体中的成员。被看作整体时，其谓语动词应用单数形式。被看 作这个整体中的成员时，其谓语动词应用复数形式。这类名词有：group, family, enemy, class, team, government, crew, crowd, audience, committee 等。2 .有些集体名词只能被看作复数。这类名词有：people, police, cattle等。3 .有的名词单复数形式相同。这时，要依据详细的意义来确定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如：There is a sheep under the tree. / Five sheep are eating grass on the hill.4 .当一个名词短语表示时间、度量、距离、金额、书名等时，往往依据意义一样的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个 整体，其谓语用单数形式。5 .不定代词each, eve;ry, no所修饰的名词被and或or连接时，即使有多个并列的主语，仍看作是单数。6 .主语由more than one或many a修饰时，尽管从意义上表示的是复数，但其谓语动词仍用单数。但是，“more +复数名词+ than one”结构之后的谓语动词用复数形式。如：More students than one have gone there before.7 .有的名词表示的是由两个对称的部分构成的物品。如：trousers, glasses, shoes, gloves, shorts, scissors 等，这类名词作主语时，谓语常用复数形式。但假如其前有a pair of, a kind of修饰时，则应被看作单数形式。8 .假如名词被most of, all of, half of, the rest of等词语修饰时，谓语动词用单数还是复数取决于这些词语 所修饰的是可数名词还是不行数名词，是单数还是复数，即谓语动词应与它们所修饰的词语保持一样。如： Half of the population in this city are workers. / Half of the land has been developed.9 .在倒装句中，谓语动词要与后面的主语保持一样。如：On the wall hangs a picture, (a picture 为主语)二、由连词连接的名词或代词作主语时的主谓一样问题：1 .由and, both . and连接的两个词语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是，假如and所连接的两个名词 指的是同一个人或物，或者同一个概念时，谓语动词用单数。如： Bread and butter is his favourite food.2 . 主语的后面有 as well as, as much as, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, besides, including等词语所接的名词或代词时，谓语动词要与主语保持一样。如：Tom as well as his parents is going to visit China.3 .以or, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also等连接的两部分作主语时，谓语动词要与最 近的那一个保持一样。如：Either you or I am wrong. /Are either you or I wrong?三、代词作主语时的主谓一样问题：1 .名词性物主代词作主语时，既可用作单数，也可用作复数。这要取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Your pen is old. Mine is new. / My books are expensive. Hers are cheap.2 . such用作指示代词时，应依据其所指的内容来确定其单复数。如：Such is Albert Einstein, a simple man with a warm heart. (Such 指 Albert Einstein)Such are his words spoken at the meeting. (Such 指 his words)3 .疑问代词who, what, which用作主语时，其谓语动词可用作单数或者复数。这要取决于它所要表达的意思是单数 还是复数。如：1) 一Who is to go there?一It' s Xiao Li.2) 一Who are talking over there?一Mary and Betty.4.不定代词any, either, neither, none, all, some等作主语时，视其在句中的意义，谓语动词可用作单数或复 数。 如： Now all has changed. / All are silent at the meeting.四、分数、量词作主语时的主谓一样问题：1. “分数或百分数+ （of） +名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其中的名词。如：Two thirds of the population here are workers. / Two thirds of the land is covered by water.2. 被a lot of, half of, plenty of, a large quantity of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们 所修饰的名词。如：Half of the food has been sent to that area. / Half of the students have seen the film.3. quantity修饰名词时，谓语动词用单数还是复数形式取决于quantity是单数还是复数形式。如：Large quantities of books / cloth are on sale. / A large quantity of books （rice） is on sale.4. a year and a half作主语时，谓语动词用作单数，因为谓语动词与half接近（就近原则）；one and a half years 作主语时，谓语动词用作复数，因为谓语动词与years接近。第十讲 代词it、one、that的用法与区分.1、One表泛指，指代前面提到的那类人或物中的某一个，用于指代单数可数名词，相当于a +名词单数，其复 数形式ones前一般要有定语，否则就要用some.2、the one表特指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于定指单数可数名词，相当于it. the ones表特指，指代前面 提到的那类人或物，用于定指可数名词复数，相当于them / they.3、That表特指（those复数）既可指代不行数名词，也可指代可数名词，相当于the +名词，后面常常与介词修 饰语连用。4、It指代上文出现的同一名词，另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词，表示性别身份不明，可作形式 主语，形式宾语，引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配，如：get it, catch it, make it.例如：I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表，我想我必需再买一只。（代指上文指到的同 类事物，但不指同一个） Where is my pen? Have you seen it?我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了，你见了吗？（代指上文提到的同一事物）（3） The land of China is larger than that of America. Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或 two blue ones） He has no child, and he wants to adopt one （或 some）She was very fond of speaking French, which indeed she spoke well.四、“介词+关系代词”结构：“介词+关系代词”也是历年来各省市高考的一个热点。对于这个结构应重点把握如下几点：1 .关于“名词+of which / whom"结构。这种结构表示一种所属关系，在名词的前面通常有定冠词修饰。这个结构 常常可以转化为“whose+名词”结构。如：The house, the gate of which faces south, belongs to the Smiths. = The house, whose gate faces south, belongs to the Smiths.Mr. Smith, the house of whom was robbed, reported it to the police. = Mr. Smith, whose house was robbed, reported it to the police.2 .关于“数词+of which / whom”结构（数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换）。在这个结构中， 介词of表示一种部分与全体的关系。这时，其中的数词可以后置，放在关系代词which或whom的后面，构成“of which /whom+数词”的结构。这时的介词of不行换成其他任何介词。如：The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. = The buses, of which most were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.I met some foreigners yesterday, two of whom are from the US. = I met some foreigners yesterday, of whom two are from the US.留意区分：I met some foreigners yesterday, and two of them are from the US.I met some foreigners yesterday. Two of them are from the US.3 .关于“介词+关系代词”结构。非限定性定语从句的关系代词前假如带有一个介词时，关系代词只能用which（指物） 或whom （指人）。如：Mr. Green, for whom money is not a problem now, still lives a simple life.They arrived at a small town, from which it is only a short way to Shanghai.且which和whose还可修饰一个名词，作这个名词的定语。如：He got to the station at five yesterday afternoon, by which time the trains to Beijing had all left. This is Mr. Brown, by whose car I came to New York.五、当表示时间、地点、缘由、方式的名词作先行词时，不能一概用关系副词when, where, why或“介词+which / whom” 引导定语从句。若引导词在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词或“介词+which / whom”引导定语从句；若引导词在 定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则应用关系代词引导定语从句。试比较下面的句子：1） I' 11 never forget the days （that / which） I spent with my teacher, （that / which 在定语从句中作宾语）2） I' 11 never forget the days when （=on which） I joined the army, （when 在定语从句中作时间状语）1） This is the reason which he gave me for doing it. （which 在定语从句中作宾语）2） Do you know the reason why he came late? （why 在定语从句中作缘由状语）1） You can see the way in which his mind works when he reads his books, （in which 在定语从句中作方式状语）2） Is there any way that can be found to solve the problem? （that 在定语从句中作主语）1） It is the house that was built two years ago. （that 在定语从句中作主语）2） It is the house where I was born, （where 在定语从句中作状语）小结如下：1、先行词是表示时间的名词时，假如在从句中作状语，则用关系副词when /介词+which；假如在从句中作动词或介 词的宾语，则用which或that。如：Iwillneverforgetthedayswhen / in whichwe worked together, （work 是不及物动词）（2）1willneverforgetthedayswhich / that wespent together. （spent 是及物动词）（3）1willneverforgetthedayswhen / in whichwe spent ones together. （spent 是及物动词，但其后已有宾语ones）解析：在句中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语，所以用关系副词when来代指，引导定语从 句修饰先行词the days；而在句中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语，所以用 关系代词that或which来代指。2、同样，先行词表示地点的名词假如在从句中作状语，则用关系副词where /介词+which或；假如在从句中作动词 的宾语，则用which或that来代替。如：This is the factory where / in which I worked.（作状语）This is the factory that / which I visited years ago.（作宾语）（visit 是及物动词）This is the factory where / in which I visited it years ago （作状语）（visit 是及物动词，但其后已有宾语 it）六、定语从句与强调句型的区分：定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词在所引导的从句中作某种成分，而强调句中的that或who在句中不作任何成分。 特殊留意：强调句与定语从句、状语从句等的混合运用。如：It was the park where I met her first time, （where 引导地点状语从句，it 指代地点）It was in the park that I met her first time, （that 引导强调句）It was six o' clock when we got home yesterday afternoon, （when 引导时间状语从句,it 指代时间）It was at six o' clock that we got home yesterday afternoon, （that 弓I导强调句） Where did you met her first time?It was in the park where we used to do morning exercise that I met her first time, （where 弓I导定语 从句，that引导强调句） When did the couples find their lost son?It was on the morning when you went to school that they found their son. （when 弓I导定语从句，that 引导强调句）七、定语从句与同位语从句的区分：引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语或表语时可以省略，而引导同位语从句的that在句中不 作任何成分，也不能省略。如：This is the suggestion （that） he put forward.（定语从句）He gave me a suggestion that we should start at 5 o' clock. （同位语从句）八、定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一样。如：Mr Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.解析：在句中，先行词foreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，而在句中，who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students,为复数,所以从句谓语动词应为复数。感悟：分析定语从句句子结构和成分是关键。九、几个特殊先行词后的定语从句：1. reason为先行词时，若引导词在从句中作状语，则用why引导，若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，则用that 或which引导。如:Do you know the reason why he didn' t attend the meeting? （why 在从句中作状语）This is the reason that / which he gave, （that / which 在从句中作宾语）2. situation, occasion, point在定语从句中作先行词，且引导词在从句中作状语时，则关系副词用where或in whicho 如:We may be trapped in such a situation where we have no one to turn to. （where 在从句中作状语）十、特殊定语从句。下面的定语从句，是一些特殊例子，还有些是与其他句式的对比，确定要熟记。1 . He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.2 . It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.3 . Is this place the one that we visited? Is this the place that we visited?4 . He is one of the boys who play the piano very well.He is the only one of the boys who plays the piano very well.5 .Mr. White has three sons, all of whom are doctors.（2）Mr. White has three sons, and all of them are doctors.6 . Th is is so touching a story as I have read three times. Th is is so touching a story that I have read it three times.7. As is known to us, Bell invented the telephone.It is known to us that Bell invented the telephone.8. Five visitors invited by him came as I expected.More visitors invited by him came than I expected.其次讲名词性从句一、that引导的定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that 从句同位的名词必需是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。That在定语从句中必需作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同 位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如： Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.（2）Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.解析：在句中，that引导同位语从句说明说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句 中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。感悟：学生之所以在这一点上简单出错，主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，辨别不出that在从句中是否充当 了句子成分，因此，还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何谓同位语从句。二、名词性从句中，关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点1）名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如：It' s a pity that he don' t come to give a speech.（形式主语）We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语）2）谓语动词appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love, make等接由if或when引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加 上形式宾语it.例如：I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.3）动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that引导的病因从句式，往往在从句前加形式宾语it.例如： I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon. we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.4）短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on, see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时，必需冠以形 式宾语it.例如： I' m counting on it that you will come. She' 11 see to it that he goes ahead.第三讲虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在if引导的条件句中的易错点。 if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.句子都是虚拟语气在条件句中的运用，从句中都是假设过去的状况，所以用过去完成时，但在主句中，句依旧 指代过去的状况，谓语动词是would have done,而中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now,这样就必需将其理解为假 设现在的状况，所以谓语动词必需为would/should/might+动词原形，学生在这一点上常常会忽视now的存在，从而按 句的形式填写答案。二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法1在 it is important (strange, natural, necessary) +that 句子或者 It is decided(ordered, suggested, demanded, advised)+that句子中，主语从句中的谓语动词常用(should) +动词原形结构,表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被确定”等例如： it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night. it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.2. suggest, insist后面指宾语从句时需留意的地方1)suggest当“建议”“提出”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词常用“(should) +动词原形” 例如：He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建议马上动工。类似的动词还有insist坚持，demand要求，desire要求、恳求，request恳求，require要求、须要，order吩咐， propose 建议，command 吩咐，ask 要求，advise 建议，prefer 宁愿等。这些动词变被动语态(如：It is suggested+that主语从句)形式后，主语从句谓语动词仍用“(should) +动词原形” 这些动词变名词(如suggestion)后，其后的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语部分仍用“(should) +动词原形” suggest当“提出(某看法)，示意，启发”讲时，其后宾语从句的动词不用虚拟语气。例如：(1) The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member 警察局提出窃贼可能是一名家庭成员。(2) Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy.她打哈欠表明她困了。(3) Although he didn' t suggest that we _ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision_wrong.虽然他没提出我们应当终止游过这条河的确定，但他的表情表明我们的确定是错误的。A： stop; was B: should stop; be C: stopped ; was I): stopped; should be在这个句子中，前一个suggest当“建议”“提出”讲，而后一个作“表明”讲，所以答案为“A”2)insist作“坚决要求该；坚持认为定要”讲时，其后宾语从句的谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形” 例如：I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我坚持认为你应当准时到那里去insist作“坚持(看法，看法)；坚持说，确信”讲时，其后从句不用虚拟语气。例如：He suggested (that) he heard someone in thenext room.他坚持说他听到隔壁屋子里有人。三、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法1 .连词if的省略if虚拟条件句中有should, had或were时,，if可以省略，将should, had或were放在句首。如： Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded.假如我当时努力学习的话，我当然会胜利的。Were she my daughter, I wouldn, t allow her to study abroad.假如她是我的女儿，我就不让她出国学习了。2 .混合虚拟语气有时条件从句和结果主句所表示的时间不一样，这就要求主从句的时态依据实际的时间概念来确定。如：If she had followed the doctor? s advice, she would be quite all right now. 假如当时她听医生的话，她现在就会好了。3 .含蓄条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来示意存在虚拟条件。这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往 都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：(1)介词(短语),主要有 but for, without, in case of 等。如： But for your help, I couldn, t finish the work on time. 要不是你的帮助，我不行能按时完成工作。Without electricity, there would not