英美概况4版课后答案.docx

上册英国第一部分英国地理第1章自然地理Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:1. Where is the U. K.? And what is it made up of? What is its total area?Key: The U.K. is situated in Northwestern Europe, lying to the north of France and the west of the Netherlands and Denmark. It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Its total area is 242 534 square kilometers.2. Which mountain is the highest in the U. K., and in which part of the Scottish Highland?Key: Ben Nevis, 1343 meters high, is the highest mountain in the U.K. And it is in the western part of the Scottish Highlands.3. Why is the climate of Britain much milder than that of many places in the same latitude?Key: Firstly, the climate of Br itain is moderated by the Atlantic Gulf Stream, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of British Isles and warms them. Secondly, the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round and bring warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean. Thirdly, Britain is surrounded by seawaters, which can balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer.4. What are the present features of the climate of Britain?Key: Br itain has a maritime climate. Winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. Therefore, its temperature varies within a small range, rarely falling below -5in winter or rising above 24in summer. Sunshine hours are fewer than in more southerly climates. Meanwhile, it has a steady rainfall through the whole year. There is rain in Br itain every month.5. Where do the main rivers parting in Britain run?Key: The main rivers parting in Br itain run from north to south, keeping well to the west until the basin of the River Severn.6. What are the characteristics of the Spey, Don, Tay, Forth, Tweed of eastern Scotland?Key: These rivers flow fast and run generally across impermeable rocks, and their discharges increase rapidly after rain.Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:1. the English ChannelKey: Tt is a strait between southern England and northern France. It connects the Atlantic Ocean with the North Sea through the Strait of Dover. It is 560 km long and gradually narrows from about 180 km in the west to only 34 km in the east.2. the Dee estuaryKey: Iris a large estuary where the River Dee flows into Liverpool Bay.3. the Act of Union of 1801Key: In 1801 the English Parliament passed an act by which Scotland, Wales and the Kingdom of England were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Great Britain.4. GaelicKey: It is one of Celtic Languages, and is spoken in parts of the Highlands of Britain.5. the -backbone of England IIKey: It refers to the Pennines, a range of hills extending about 257 km southward from the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border to central England.第2章自然资源Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:1. What minerals is U.K. rich in?Key: The United Kingdom is rich in coal, iron, tin, copper, lead, and silver.2. When was the natural gas and the oil in the North Sea discovered?Key: Natural gas was discovered in 1964-1966; the major oil deposits were discovered in 1970.3. What percentage of the country's water requirements arc obtained from underground sources?Key: About 35% of the country's water requirements depend on underground sources.Key: Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the Parliament developed into theCivil War. The war began on August 22, 1642. Charles gained the support of nobles and gentry in the north and west of the country and Wales. Parliament, on the other hand, derived its strongest support from yeoman farmers, middle-class town people, and artisans in southeast England and London. The king's men were called -Cavaliers II , and the supporters of Parliament were called -Roundheads II .Consequences: The king Charles's army was defeated. Charles I was beheaded. In 1649 the House of Lords and the office of King were abolished and a Council of State was set to carry the executive work of the government and England was declared a Commonwealth.4. What were the Commonwealth and Lord Protector?Key: In February 1649, the Parliament made a resolution of abolishing the monarchy and the House of Lords. On 19 May, the Parliament officially declared England a Commonwealth. The establishment of Commonwealth was the climax of the Bourgeois Revolution. Cromwell, with a large army behind him, became the real ruler and was made Lord Protector.5. Why did the Restoration take place?Key: When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began immediately to collapse. In May 1660 the son of Charles I was proclaimed King Charles II of England. Under the reign of Charles II, Anglicanism was restored. The Cavaliers got back the land and had the most of the seats in the new Parliament. They used the power to take revenge on their enemiesRoundheads. They would not let them work in local government; they dismissed most of CromwelPs army. Thus feudal forces were restored.6. What do you know about the -Glorious Revolution II ?Key: After three years of struggle, the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II, who intended to establish absolutism in England with the aid of France and had restored Roman Catholics in civil government, etc. The leaders of the two parties planned a coup d'etat. In June 1698 the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland and Mary, daughter of James II, to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as -The Glorious Revolution II .Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:1. the Short and the Long ParliamentKey: Charles I's attempts in 1637 to impose worship in Scotland led to a rebellion, which in turn forced Charles to summon Parliament in 1640. But the Parliament refused to vote the King until English grievances had been considered, so Charles I dissolved it after a few weeks. Hence it was nicknamed -Short Parliament II . After Charles I angrily dismissed Parliament, the Scots invaded England. The situation forced Charles to call Parliament once more. This Parliament lasted until 1653, become known in England history the -Long Parliament II .2. Oliver CromwellKey: Oliver Cromwell was the leader of the Independents during the British Bourgeois Revolution. In the Civil War he led his new army -New Model Army II and defeated the king's army. In 1649 he signed to execute Charles I and established Commonwealth. He suppressed the Diggers. In 1653 Parliament was dissolved and Cromwell was made Lord Protector for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate. He died in 1658.3. New Model ArmyKey: It was the new army led by Oliver Cromwell in the Civil War, and the main power to defeat the Cavaliers. It was chiefly composed of peasants, partly of craftsmen, under masters and apprentices, who could be subject to strict discipline. 4. the DiggersKey: In April 1649 the peasants' collective digging and ploughing the soil appeared on St. George's Hill, Surrey, soon it spread to Nottingham, Kent and other counties. These peasants were called Diggers.第6章 资产阶级革命后的英国Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:1. How did Britain become the world's chief colonial power after the Bourgeois Revolution?Key: Britain strengthened its foreign expansion. First it seized the sea power through the victory over the Spanish Armada. And after the War with Spain and the War with France, Britain signed two treaties with Spain and Francethe Treaty of Utrecht and the Treaty of Paris, and got more colonies from the concessions of Spain and France, thus Britain became the chief colonial power.2. What was the effect of the succession of Hanover?Key: The succession of Hanover had an important effect on both the foreign and domestic polices of the country. The substitution of Hanover for Stuart implied a completely different set of European connections. The official connection between Britain and Germany was further strengthened by the continued employment of German troops in the British Isles and in British Wars overseas. The Hanoverian succession also marked very distinctly a new era in the working ofthe Br itish constitution. It established the principle that the monarch reigned by Act of Parliament. During the reign of George I, the cabinet system of government developed, and the Parliament was controlled by the two parties the Whig and the Tory.3. What was the Parliament like during the first half of the 18th century?Key: During the first half of the 18lh century, political rights were not yet thought of as the rights of individuals but as the rights of property of owners. The representatives to the House of Commons were not elected. In the Parliament, there were a number of sinecures, which were posts distributed to Members of Parliament by statesmen holding ministerial office in return for their support. The Parliament was controlled by the Whig and the Tory.4. What were consequences of the agricultural revolution?Key: The adoption of new methods in agriculture and enclosure of land encouraged the development capitalistic farming. England was divided into farms in which progressive methods of agriculture could be practiced. Production increased to such an extent that it was able to supply the industrial cities adequately with raw materials and foodstuffs. As a result there was the appearance of labor reserve, who drifted to cities and towns and had to make a living by selling their labor. Planters and capitalist entrepreneurs stood in need not only of the means of consumption but also of the means of production. These were essential conditions for stimulating the Industrial Revolution.Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:1. the Treaty of UtrechtKey: The treaty was signed in 1723 between Br itain and Spain, France. According to the treaty, Spain agreed that England should keep Gibraltar as a navy base to protect her trade. France gave up claims to various part of Canada and handed over Belgium to Austria.2. the Seven Years' WarKey: It refers to the war between Britain and France, lasting from 1756 to 1763. The war was carried on mainly in India and America. Through the war England made great gains both in North America and India, and became the world's chief colonial power.3. the Treaty of ParisKey: It was signed in 1763 after the war between England and France. It had four points: First, France ceded Canada and her American possessions east of the Mississippi, with the exception of New Orleans. Second, France gave up four of her West Indian islands, as well as her African possessions. Third, Spain, who had joined the war, ceded Florida to England together with all her possessions east of the Mississippi I. Fourth, France agreed not to fortify her settlements in India and to acknowledge the native princes whom the English had established as puppets. France's power in India was destroyed and Britain became the world's chief colonial power.4. the House of HanoverKey: It is a British royal house of German origin. It was descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who succeeded to the British crown as George I in 1714. During his reign, the cabinet system was established and the monarch was reigned by the Act of Parliament.第7章 工业革命、美国独立战争和法国革命Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:1. What do you know about the American Revolution and the French Revolution?Key: American Revolution refers to the American War of Independence. It broke out in 1775 and ended in 1783. Br itain recognized the independence of the United States after the War.The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The British radicals sympathized with French revolutionists. But the Br itish government was against them, and became the main organizer of the military alliance with Austria and Prussia. In 1815 Napoleon was defeated by the allies under Wellington at Waterloo.2. Why did the Industrial Revolution first take place in Britain?Key: Because Br itain had some special conditions which no other country could match. These conditions are: the accumulation of capital; the development of capitalistic farming; the appearance of a labor reserve; and the expansion ofmarkets,domesticandforeign.3. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?Key: The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. The British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were bom.Exercise 2. Explain the following terms:1. the Treaty of ParisKey: It was signed in 1783 by Britain and the United States after the Independent War. Britain recognized the Independence of the United States.2. George StephensonKey: In 1814 he constructed the first successful Steam locomotive. This made transportation much easier and more convenient.3. James WattKey: He was the famous inventor who created a steam engine in 1769. The invention and application of the steam engine played an important role in British Industrial Revolution.4. -factory of the world IIKey: It refers to Britain after the Industrial Revolution because the Industrial Revolution promoted its development of production. Britain began to produce large quantity of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner.第8章发展中的英国Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:1. What do you know about the postwar economy and society in Britain?Key: After the war against Napoleon, though agricultural and industrial production increased, the national debt quadrupled. Due to the immediate fall in the demand for manufactured goods, some factories closed, and therefore the unemployment was more serious. A new Corn Law was passed in 1815 to keep up grain prices and rents by taxing imported grain, which was rejected by the industrial bourgeoisie and working class people. Strikes and mass meetings were often held in many cities, especially from 1815 to 1819 saw constant unrest.2. What was the political reform? What was its effect on Britain?Key: The Reform Bill of 1832 made three important changes; (1) A number of -rotten boroughs II were abolished; (2) Additional seats were given to the most populous counties; (3) Only the men who had on certain amount of property or paid a certain amount of rent had the