2023年中考英语二轮复习非谓语动词讲义.docx

非谓语动词构成：（to） +动词原形非谓语动词动名词L在句中的作用（主、宾、表、宾补' 定、状）构成：V.-ing用法（主、宾、表、定）厂构成：现在分词doingI工过去分词doneJ分词 匚用法（表、补、定、状）一、动词不定式动词不定时的构成：不定时的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+ （to+）动词原形。 动词不定式的句法功能功能例句说明主语To speak English is not easy for us 二It is not easy for us to speak English.作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主 语，而把不定式放在后面。表语My work is to clean the room everyday. =To clean the room every day is my work.多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作 为主语。宾语一What sports does he like to play? 一He likes to play basketball.只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词 的宾语。宾补My mother made me play the piano all the time.在 make, let, see, hear, watch 等使役、 感官动词后，不定式省略t。定语Have you got anything to say?不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。状语Pm sorry to trouble you.（表原因）。I went to the library to study English.（表目的）不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的 主语一致。L不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为：It+be+adj. （+for/ofsb.） +动词不定式如：To learn English well is useful.一 It is useful to learn English well.It's important for us to protect the environment.注意：在 kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用 for而用 of。如：It's very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好啦。It's very clever of you to do like that.2 .不定式作宾语有些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如： would like, like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect 等。如：Would you like to see a film this evening?你今晚想去看电影吗？在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在后面。如：I find it easy to read English every day.3 .不定式作宾语补足语tell, ask, want, allow, warn, advise, invite, get, encourage 后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。 如：Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.我妈妈鼓励我学日语。注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词 有：一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)% 三让(let, make, have)、四看(look at, see, watch, notice)o但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss.老板让我的朋友们工作了 一整夜。4 .不定式作定语不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。注意:如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式后加上适当的介词。There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。The room is big enough for 10 people to live in .5 .不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用,相当于一个宾语从句。如：The teacher is telling the students what to do.老师正告诉学生们做什么。He didn't know where to go他不知道去哪里。6 .跟动词不定式的情况总结归纳：(加强记忆)动词：agree to do同意去做；afford to do买得起；decide to do决定去做某事；hope to do希望去做；wish to do希望去做;fail to do做某事失败去；plan to do打算去做；pretend to do假装去做；refuse to do 拒绝去做；would like to do=want to do 想要去做某事；learn to do 学做；prefer to do sth.喜欢(爱)做某事；sb. seem to do sth好像做某事；used to do sth.过去常做某事句型.allow sb. to do sth.允许某人去做某事ask/tell sb. (not) to do sth.叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)follow sb. to do sth.跟随某人去做某事get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事warn sb. (not) to do sth.警告某人做某事(或不要做某事)encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事 be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事be excited/glad/happy/sorry/ frightened/amazed/surprised to do sth.be/get ready to do sth,准备做某事carf t wait to do sth.迫不急待地去做某事get/have a chance to do sth.得到一个做某事的机会It's + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. / It's +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth.花费某人多长时间做某事(常考)Ifs time for sb. to do sth.是某人做某事的时候了too.(for sb.) to 太以致不能=not. enough to do (常考)prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.宁愿而不愿(常考)something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西 Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易take turns to do sth.轮流做There is no time （for sb.） to do sth.对（某人来说）没时间做某事了There is no need （for sb.） to do sth.对某人来说没必要做某事try/do one best to do sth.尽力去做某事 have no choice but to do sth别无选择只能做某事 have something/nothing to do with sb 与有关/无关二、动名词1、动名词的构成：动名词一般由“动词原形+ing”构成2、king做主语、谓语动词用单数形式如：Eating too much is bad for your health. Seeing is believing.眼见为实。3、动名词的句法功能功能例句说明宾语动词宾语I like playing basketball very much.表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或介词宾语Stamps are used for sending letters.经常性的动作。表语His hobby is collecting stamps. 二Collecting stamps is his hobby.多数情况下，动名词作表语可转 化成作主语。定语She is in the reading room.她在阅览室。We should improve our teaching methods.只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所 属关系等置于所修饰词前。4、跟动词的ing形式的情况总结归纳：（加强记忆）动词：finish doing sth.完成做某事；enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事；practice doing sth.练习做某事；imagine doing,想象做某事；avoid doing sth.避免做某事；consider doing sth.考虑做某事；完成实践值得忙 继续习惯别放弃 考虑建议不禁想 喜欢思念要介意suggest doing sth.建议做某事；mind doing sth.介意做某事；keep doing sth.持续做 我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。(finish, practice, be worth, be busy) (keep on, be used to, give up) (consider, suggest, can't help, feel like) (enjoy, miss, mind)固定短语：feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事；be busy doing sth.忙于做某事be worth doing值得做某事；spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事;have difficulty/trouble/problems (in) doing sth 做某事有困难;have fun doing.做某事高兴介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by 等)如：be good at doing sth= do well in doing sth.；thank you for doing sth. ； give up doing sth. ； stop/keep/prevent sb. from doing sth.；be afraid of doing sth. ； be interested in doing sth. ； be proud of; instead of ； be fond ofto 作介词+doing厂 1. look forward to doing sth (盼望)2. pay attention to doing sth.(注意)（习惯于）Y 3.be used to doing sth.4 .prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜欢）5 .devoteto doing sth（致力于）6 . make a contribution to doing （做贡献）三.分词包括现在分词和过去分词1 .现在分词做定语、其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词；Do you know the girl standing there? 过去分词做定语、其逻辑宾语就是它所修饰的词Please hand in the written exercises.<4列>The boy （cry）over there is my younger brother.分析：依据cry与它的逻辑主语The boy之间的主动关系和cry的动作正在进行，所以用现 在分词作定语修饰boy,因而正确答案为cryingo（单选）Time,correctly, is money in the bank.A. to use B. used C. using D. Use分析：因为本句已有谓语动词is,且没有连词或引导词，故排除谓语形式D；而time与use为被动关系，所以选B。谓语与非谓语动词过去分词作条件状语或时间状语表被动.2 .现在分词做表语表示主语的性质特征。The situation is encouraging.过去分词做表语表示某种状态。The boy is too frightened to move.3 .现在分词做宾语补足语表示主动关系。Don't keep us waiting for a long time.过去分词做宾语补足语表示被动关系。He will have his hair cut after school.4,分词做状语、逻辑主语是句子的主语。The students went out of the room, talking and laughing.Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.作状语:分词或分词短语可以作时间、原因、方式、结果、伴随等状语。如： Being a student, I must study hard,作为一名学生，我必须努力学习。（原因状语） He ran out of the room, shouting loudly.他大喊着从房间分阶段跑出来。（伴随状语） 5现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示完成的动作。如：fallen leaves落叶（已落下）falling leaves正在飘落的树叶developing country 发展中国家 developed country 发达6 .现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人的”；过去分词表人感到. 常用的还有：interesting/interested, exciting/excited, tiring/tired, boring/bored. 易混易错点：1） stop doing/to doJ stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.I stop doing 停止做某事。I must stop smoking.2） forget doing/to do （同 remember）forget to do忘记要去做某事（未做）The light is still on. He forgot to turn it off.（没有做关灯的动作）forget doing忘记做过某事（已做）He forgot turning the light off.（已做过关灯的动作）3） regret doing/to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。（未做）1 regret to have to do this, but I have no choice, regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。（已做）I don't regret telling her what I thought.4） try doing/to doF try to do 努力，企图做某事。You must try to be more careful.try doing 试验，试着做某事。I tried gardening but didn't succeed.6） go on doing/to dor go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。IAfter he had finished his maths, he went on to do his physics.go on doing继续做原来做的事。7） mean doing/to dof mean to do 打算、 想 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.L mean doing 意味着 To raise wage（提高工资）means increasing purchasing power（购买力）. 8）can't help to do/doing: can*t help to do不能帮助做某事-He couldn5 t help to wash the clothes.我不能帮忙洗衣服。can't help doing 情不自禁做 She couldn5 t help smiling.她禁不住笑了起来。9）关于use的短语:used to do过去常常做某事y be/get used to doing 习惯做I Sb use sth to do/for doing 使用.做被动 sth be used to do/for doing10）fhave sb do sth 让某人做某事=make sb do sthi have sb doing sth 让某人做某事=keep sb doing、have sth done让某事被做11）宁愿做而不愿做'prefer （not） to do sth.宁愿（不）做某事二 would rather （not） do sth.prefer sb. （not） to do sth.宁愿某人（不）去做某事"prefer to do sth.l rather than do sth.2 宁愿做事情 1,而不愿做事情 2.=would rather do sth.l than （do） sth.2I二prefer doing sth.l to doing sth.2 （to 为介词）12）既可跟do又可跟doing形式的情况：do （强调全过程或经常做，注意被动语态） see/watch/hear/notice sb Sdoing （强调正在做）rneed/want/require （sb） to do sth 需要（某人）做某事13）1Sth need/want/require doing sth=to be done 某事需要被做