2022-2023学年北京市第十二中学高一上学期期末英语试题（解析版）.docx

北京十二中20222023学年第一学期高一年级英语期末考试题考生须知1.本试卷共10页，分为三部分。总分100分。考试时间90分钟。2 .将选择题答案填涂在答题卡上，第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。3 .考试结束时，收答题卡。第一部分知识运用（共两节，25分）第一节（共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.A Good-luck DumplingWhen I was in my middle age, something terrible happened to me. As I was away from for almost a year, my wife and children were extremely worried. And my mother, already in her eighties, was on the edge of a nervous breakdown.On the eve of the Spring Festival, I was finally allowed to return home. Mother looked at me, her eyes filled with 2. But soon she said, "Let's start making dumplings for the Festival.And then an idea 3 her,“Let's put in a coin and make a good-luck dumpling. Whoever eats it will be blessed (有福的)While making the good-luck dumpling, my mother secretly made a(n) 4 on it. She pretended nothing had happened, but the trick didn't escape my 5.After Mother boiled the dumplings all by herself, she put the good-luck dumpling on top of the others in a bowl on purpose and pushed the bowl to me. Feeling loved, I stared at her in 6 eyes.I had thought it would give her a lovely surprise if she ate the good-luck dumpling. Taking the opportunity when she went to the kitchen, I put the dumpling into her bowL Obviously, when Mother returned, she didn't7 it and went on eating with her eyes on me all the time. "Ouch!” suddenly she cried out. The coin had hurt her teeth.“Oh, Granny is blessed”, my wife 8.“L how come?” Mother was 9, Just at that moment, the coin fell out of her mouth.So I joined my wife and children, "Granny is blessed! Mother is blessed!”Mother burst into laughter, and then tears, as my wife and I 10 with her all her sadness and joy.【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者是一个学习软件开发的女性，一次偶然的机会她从事了开发“载 人登月”软件的工作，作者基于女儿在游戏中犯的一个错误建议更改程序以防止在飞行过程中选择预启动 程序，事实证明这对阿波罗11号任务的成功产生了至关重要的影响。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的 “It was out of desperation I came up with the term "software engineering” .（在 绝望中，我想到了 “软件工程”这个术语。）”可知，作者创造了 “软件工程”这个术语。故选A。【25题详解】词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“ she selected a program which was supposed to be run before launch. The computer had so little space that it wiped the navigation data taking her to the moon.（她选择了个应该在发射前 运行的程序。电脑空间太小了，把她去月球的导航数据都抹去了。）”可知，作者的女儿劳伦犯了一个错误 选择了一个程序，这个程序应该是在启动前运行的，计算机的空间太小，以至于它抹去了带她去月球 的导航数据，再根据第五段的“one of the astronauts on board accidentally did exactly what Lauren had done（ 名宇航员意外地做了劳伦做过的事）”可知，一名宇航员不小心做了劳伦做过的事（犯的错误），由此可知“The Lauren bug”指的是“造成数据丢失的错误”，故选B。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"It was the program change that had a crucial influence on the success of the mission of Apollo IL（正是计划的改变对阿波罗11号任务的成功产生了至关重要的影响。）”可知，正是程 序的改变对阿波罗11号任务的成功产生了至关重要的影响，故选D。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的 “I suggested a program change to prevent a prelaunch program being selected during flight.（我建议对程序进行更改，以防止在飞行过程中选择发射前程序。）”及倒数第二段中 的 “It was the program change that had a crucial influence on the success of the mission of Apollo 11.（正是计戈 ij 的改变对阿波罗H号任务的成功产生了至关重要的影响。）”可知，作者建议更改程序以防止在飞行过程 中选择预启动程序，正是程序的改变对阿波罗11号任务的成功产生了至关重要的影响，由此可知，作者 的故事告诉我们机会总是垂青有准备的人，故选C。CIf there is one place you don't want to stick your finger, it's the mouth of a Pacific lingcod. These fearsome fish have around 500 needlelike teeth sticking out of jaws （颌）that are strong enough to crush crustaceans （甲壳动 物）.How lingcod maintain the sharpness of their terrifying teeth has long been a puzzle. But a study, published in November in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, claims that Pacific lingcod keep their teeth sharp and shiny by replacing about three percent of them every day. For a lingcod, thafs up to 20 teeth replaced daily.In order to determine the frequency at which lingcod replace their teeth, Ms. Cohen, a coauthor of the new study, and her colleagues kept 20 lingcod at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories and tracked how many teeth they lost and regrew over several days. The fish were placed in a tank of seawater mixed with a red dye （染料）that colored their teeth, then returned to their regular tank for 10 days. When the 10 days were up, the fish were placed in a tank containing a green dye and then examined. The teeth that were present since the start of the experiment were both red and green, whereas the new teeth were only green.After collecting and examining a total of 10,000 teeth, the scientists were able to determine how quickly lingcod lost and regrew their teeth and which teeth were replaced most often.Lingcod, like most fish, have two sets of jaws: oral jaws and pharyngeal jaws. Their oral jaws are used to catch food while their pharyngeal jaws, which are positioned in their throats, are used to chew their food and move it from their mouths to the stomach. Ms. Carr, the lead author, and colleagues found that teeth are replaced more frequently in the back of the mouth, where most of the chewing and crushing take place.The way lingcod replace their teeth is likely crucial to their hunting strategy, says Kory Evans, a fish ecologist at Rice University in Houston. "The duller a lingcod's teeth are, the harder it is going to be for it to hold on to its target. So having the ability to shed teeth and replace them is pretty important. Dr. Evans said, “In order to make it as a lingcod, you need sharp pointy teeth and all your teeth need to be on point.” 28. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A. What role seawater played.B. What conclusion was reached.C. How the study was conducted.D. How teeth changed their colors.29. According to the passage, lingcod's teeth are replaced.A. every 10 daysB. to better hunt for foodC. faster in the oral jawD. with bigger and sharper ones30. What does the underlined word “shed” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Repair.B. Sharpen.C. Lose.D. Examine.31. What is the purpose of writing this passage?A. To warn people of the danger of a fish.B. To introduce the findings of a new study.C. To stress the importance of replacing teeth.D. To suggest new ways to conduct studies on fish.【答案】28.C29. B 30. C 31. B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍一项新研究的发现，太平洋鳄鱼通过每天更换大约3%的牙齿 来保持牙齿锋利和闪亮。【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第三段 “In order to determine the frequency at which lingcod replace their teeth, Ms. Cohen, a coauthor of the new study, and her colleagues kept 20 lingcod at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories and tracked how many teeth they lost and regrew over several days. The fish were placed in a tank of seawater mixed with a red dye （染料）that colored their teeth, then returned to their regular tank for 10 days. When the 10 days were up, the fish were placed in a tank containing a green dye and then examined. The teeth that were present since the start of the experiment were both red and green, whereas the new teeth were only green.（为 了确定鳄鱼换牙的频率，这项新研究的合著者科恩女士和她的同事们在华盛顿大学的周五港实验室保存了 20条灵鳄鱼，并跟踪了几天内它们失去和再生的牙齿数量。这些鱼被放置在一个海水中混合了一种红色染 料的水箱里，这些染料可以给它们的牙齿上色，然后再回到正常的水箱中10天。10天过后，这些鱼被放 置在一个装有绿色染料的容器中，然后进行检测。实验开始后出现的牙齿是红色和绿色的，而新牙齿只有 绿色。）”可知，本段陈述研究是如何进行的。故选C。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 “The way lingcod replace their teeth is likely crucial to their hunting strategy, says Kory Evans, a fish ecologist at Rice University in Houston. "The duller a lingcod teeth are, the harder it is going to be for it to hold on to its target. So having the ability to shed teeth and replace them is pretty important.”（休斯顿莱斯大学的鱼类生态学家Kory Evans说，磨鱼更换牙齿的方式可能对它们的狩猎策略至 关重要。“鳄鱼的牙齿越钝，它就越难抓住目标。所以拥有牙齿脱落和更换的能力是非常重要的。可 知，鳄鱼的牙齿被替换是为了更好地寻找食物。故选B。【30题详解】词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词前句“The duller a lingcod's teeth are, the harder it is going to be for it to hold on to its target.（鳄鱼的牙齿越钝，它就越难抓住目标。）”和后半句"and replace them is pretty important.（更换的能力是非常重要的。）"和常识可知，批鱼牙齿更换前旧的牙齿会脱落。所以shed为“脱 落”之意。故选C。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段 “But a study, published in November in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, claims that Pacific lingcod keep their teeth sharp and shiny by replacing about three percent of them every day. （H 是H月发表在英国皇家学会学报B上 一项研究称，太平洋磨鱼通过每天更换大约3%的牙齿来保持 牙齿锋利和闪亮。）”及全文可知，文章主要介绍一项新研究的发现，太平洋鳄鱼通过每天更换大约3%的 牙齿来保持牙齿锋利和闪亮。所以推断写此篇文章的目的是介绍一项新研究的发现。故选B。As college sports continue to be hugely popular and the National Collegiate Athletic Association （NCAA） brings in large amounts of money, people have restarted the debate on whether college athletes should get paid.Supporters of the idea believe that, because college athletes are bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation （补偿）.In fact, the NCAA brings in about $1 billion income a year, but college athletes don't receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract （合同）saying they'll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary.People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. Paying athletes would turn college sports into a bidding （竞拍）war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and most schools would be shut out from developing a talented team. It could also harm the camaraderiewithin many college teams if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making more money than they are.Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year. They receive free food and textbooks, get travel bonuses and free equipment, and can use their time in college as a way to attract the attention of professional coaches. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools.While both sides have good points, it's clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes have been compensated enough. Adding a salary would result in a college athletic system where only a few athletes are paid by some schools who enter bidding wars to sign them up, while most student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the present benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible.32. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that college athletes.A. have earned what they are promisedB. tend to serve college longer when paidC. should sign a contract to make an agreed-upon salaryD. prefer to stay at university rather than turn professionals33. The underlined word "camaraderie“ in Paragraph 3 is similar to "A. friendshipB. competitionC. spiritD. communication34. People against paying college athletes believe.A. schools would be unable to afford itB. it could be harmful to college sportsC. no other college students receive benefitsD. students would value payments over achievements35. What is the author's attitude towards paying college athletes?A. Uncertain.B. Satisfied.C. Unsupportive.D. Expectant.【答案】32.B33. A 34. B 35. C【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。讨论了是否应该给大学运动员发工资。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段 u Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn professionals as quickly,（止匕 外，那些认为应该给大学运动员发工资的人表示，给大学运动员发工资实际上会鼓励他们在大学呆得更 久，而不是更快地成为专业人士）”可知，大学运动员被给予报酬后，可能倾向于继续在大学服务。故选Bo【33题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段最后句中“ if players become unhappy that certain teammates are making moremoney than they are.（如果球员对某些队友赚的钱比他们多而感到不高兴）”可推知，当队友之间因为收入不 同而产生不愉快时，就会影响到团队之间的团结和友谊，由此可猜测“harm the camaraderie”中的“camaraderie”与“friendship”同义，表示“友情；同事情谊”。故选A。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段第句 “People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports.（反对向大学运动员付费的人认为这种做法可能会给大学体育带 来灾难）”可知，持反对意见的人们认为给大学运动员支付薪酬会对大学体育造成损害。故选B。【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句 "While both sides have good points, it's clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives.（尽管双方都有各自的道理，但显然，给大学运动员发工资的负面影 响远远大于正面影响）”可知，作者认为负面影响大于正面影响，也就是说作者不支持给大学运动员发工 资。故选C。第二节（共5小题;每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.选项中有两项为多余选项.Blind Olympic Athletes Show the Universal NatureTune into any sports coverage on TV, and you will see many athletes proudly raise their arms and heads in victory, while a much larger number hang their shoulders and necks in defeat. Studies have revealed why-they are universal behaviours, performed by humans in response to success and failure.The discovery came from Jessica Tracy from the University of British Columbia and David Matsumoto from San Francisco State University, who wanted to see how people showed feelings of pride and shame.36 They tried to find a large group of people, and it was critically important that some of these subjects had never seen other people reacting to success or failure before.The answer was Athens, during the 2004 Olympic Games. Its sister competition-the Paralympics-included many athletes who were bom blind.37 Working with a professional photographer, Tracy andMatsumoto compared the body language of 108 competitors, 41 of whom had lost their sight, and 12 of whom were blind from birth. The photographer repeatedly took pictures of these athletes after their competitions, and the researchers carefully recorded the positions of their heads, arms and bodies.38 The winners tilted theirheads up, smiled, lifted their arms and puffed out their chests, while shoulders bent forward and narrowed chests were the marks of losers.39 Men and women who have never seen other people behave in these ways still make exactly thesame movements. And while it's possible that parents may have taught their blind children some of these actions, it's very unlikely that they could have taught them all-particularly the expansion or narrowing of the chest.These actions were also remarkably consistent between contestants from every part of the world. Tracy and Matsumoto argue that pride and shame deserve a place alongside other primary emotions like happiness, fear and surprise.40A. Analyzing the data, they found that the sighted and sightless athletes behaved in almost exactly the same ways.B. In fact, the culture was found to have only a very small effect on their body language.C. In particular they wanted to know whether these expressions were culturally determined and learned through observation.D. The athletes9 behaviours give strong evidence that they have had the actions naturally since birth.E. The result suggested that the athletes were showing their pride based on careful observation.F. Therefore, they could not have witnessed how other people reacted to winning and losing.G. They are inborn behaviours and are acc