2022年考研外语考试真题及答案64.docx

2022年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1 、 Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened Bl as was discussed before, it was not B2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic B3 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the B4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution B5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading B6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures B7 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane Not everyone sees that process in B8.It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, B9, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, BIO by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, Bll its impact on the media was not immediately B12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they be came "personal”To make your humor work, you should.A. take advantage of different kinds of audienceB. make fun of the disorganized peopleC. address different problems to different peopleD. show sympathy for your listeners2、The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are.A. impolite to new arrivalsB.very conscious of their godlike roleC.entitled to some privilegesD.very busy even during lunch hoursIt can be inferred from the text that public services.A. have benefited many peopleB. are the focus of public attentionC. are an inappropriate subject for humorD. have often been the laughing stockTo achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .A. in well-worded languageB. as awkwardly as possibleC. in exaggerated statementsD. as casually as possible5 The best title for the text may be.A. Use Humor EffectivelyB. Various Kinds of HumorC.Add Humor to SpeechD.Different Humor Strategies6、Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of' robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform, some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. z/While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error”, says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, We can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world”.Indeed the quest for tree artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2022, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter ina controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work 7、The word "gizmos” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably meansA. programsB. expertsC. devicesD. creaturesAccording to the text, what is beyond man s ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing worldBesides reducing human labor5 , robots can also.A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativityThe author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environment11> Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices callsup scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tri pled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollarof GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, it oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0. 25一0. 5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies一to which heavy industry has shifted一have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is .A. global inflationB. reduction in supplyC. fast growth in economyD. Iraq's suspension of exports12> It can be inferred from the text that the retail priceof petrol will go up dramatically if.A.price of crude risesB. commodity prices riseC.consumption risesD.oil taxes rise13、 The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries.A. heavy industry becomes more energy-intensiveB. income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil pricesC. manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezedD.oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP14、 We can draw a conclusion from the text that.A.oil-price shocks are less shocking nowB. inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC.energy conservation can keep down the oil pricesD.the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry15> From the text we can see that the writer seems.A. optimisticB. sensitiveC. gloomyD. scared16 > The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen一is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation lo control their pain if that might has ten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has donenothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. It's like surgery77, he says. We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don t intend their suicide”.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) re leased a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain man agement therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessingtoo, as well as B13 , with display becoming sharper and storage B14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, B15 generations, with the distance between generations much B16. It was within the computer age that the term information society began to be widely used to describe the B17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has B18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been B19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed【B20 "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.BlA. betweenB. beforeC. since D. later 2、B2 A. after B. by C. duringD. untiland treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse. He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear. . , that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB. it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC. the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD. patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 17、Which of the following statements is true according to the text?A. Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients inpainless recovery.C. The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D. A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.According to the NAS' s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .A. prolonged medical proceduresB. inadequate treatment of painC. systematic drug abuseD. insufficient hospital careWhich of the following best defines the word "aggressive” (Line 2, Par graph 7) ?A. Bold.B. Harmful.C. Careless.D. Desperate.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .A. manage their patients incompetentlyB. give patients more medicine than neededC. reduce drug dosages for their patientsD. prolong the needless suffering of the patients18、 Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (Tl)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior, to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (T2)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously im