高中英语2024届高考复习句子成分知识讲解（主语+谓语+定语）.doc

高考英语句子成分知识讲解一、主语主语是一个句子的主题，它表明这句话说的是谁或是什么东西或情况。如果是主动态，句子的主语是动作的执行者；如果是被动态或系表结构，句子的主语是动作的承受者或是被描绘的对象。1.主语的种类（1）单一主语John is nice.（词） 约翰人很好。Being with John is nice.（短语） 和约翰在一起真好。What John said is nice.（句子） 约翰说的话真好。注：作主语的名词或代词常带有修饰语，动词的数必须与主语一致，与修饰语无关；不定式、动名词短语、主语从句作主语用单数动词。（2）复合主语由逗号或连词连接的两个或更多的单一主语。The little kid and his step-mother get along well with each other.这个小孩和他的继母相处的很好。Neither he nor Mary has a house.他和玛丽都没有房子。（3）形式主语与真实主语主语若是短语或句子，常常将其（真实主语）放在句尾，而用it（形式主语）代替它原位置。It is no use waiting here.在这里等是没用的。Its a pity that you missed the chance.你失去了这次机会太遗憾了。（4）逻辑主语原则上，谓语动词才有主语，而非谓语动词中失去动词性质的动词有意义上的主语，称为逻辑主语。I wish him to go to that school.我希望他去那所学校。Wish的动作发出者为I，to go to that school的动作发出者为him，him为其后的不定式的逻辑主语。Thats the cause of his being late.那就是他迟到的原因。being late的逻辑主语为his。(5) 地点主语用表示地点的名词作主语，省去地点状语。London is foggy.(=It is foggy in London.) 伦敦有雾。The garden swarms with bees.(=Bees swarm in the garden.) 花园里飞满了蜜蜂。2.主语表示法（1）名词作主语Prevention is better than cure.（谚语）预防胜于治疗。（2）代词作主语Nobody knows who took the ring.没人知道谁拿了戒指。（3）数词作主语Two-thirds of the workers are women.三分之二的工人是女工。（4）动名词作主语Traveling in Paris last summer vacation was an unforgettable experience for me.去年暑假的巴黎之旅对我来说是一段难忘的经历。There is no telling when they can get ready.他们什么时候能准备好还没法说。（5）不定式作主语To see is to believe.（谚语）眼见为实。To persevere means victory.坚持就是胜利。（6）短语作主语All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.（谚语）只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, happy and wise.睡得早，起得早，使人聪明快乐身体好。（7）名词化的形容词作主语The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业人员一般生活很困难。The rich are not always happy.富人未必总是快乐。（8）从句作主语What he has done was very touching.他所做的事很让人感动。Whether well go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气。（9）句子作主语“How do you do!”was the first sentence she said to me.“你好！”是她对我说的第一句话。二、谓语1.简单谓语凡是由一个动词（包括短语动词）或一个以上的并列动词构成的，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都是简单谓语。Peoples standards of living are going up steadily.人民的生活水平在稳步上升。The children sang and danced happily on Childrens Day.儿童节那天孩子们幸福地唱歌、跳舞。2.复合谓语复合谓语是由两部分构成的，主要有以下两类：（1）带不定式的复合谓语，即由情态动词或某些其他动词加不定式构成。可以与不定式构成复合谓语的动词有：seem, happen, turn out, prove, appear, be due to, get to, be likely to, used to等。We should give him a chance to turn over a new leaf.我们应该给他改过自新的机会。He appeared to be happy but was really sad at heart.他看上去高兴，实际上他内心很难过。She is not likely to accept your offer.她不可能接受你的赠与。（2）带表语的复合谓语，由“系动词+表语”构成，主要说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。系动词根据意思可以分为三类：A.表示表示状态的连系动词：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove等。Developing economy remains our pressing task.发展经济仍然是我们的迫切任务。We should keep calm under all circumstances.在任何情况下我们都应该保持冷静。B.表示感觉的连系动词：look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。Your suggestion doesnt sound applicable.你的建议听起来不切合实际。This dish smells nice.这个菜闻起来很香。C.表示转变的连系动词：become, fall, come, get, go, grow, turn等。Our dream may come true someday.我们的梦想可能有一天会变为现实。The leaves have turned yellow.树叶已经变黄了。此外，还有一些动词如wear, flush, blush, break, flash, lie, sit, return, die, ring等常可跟表语来和它们构成复合谓语。His father died a martyr at his post.他父亲以身殉职。While others were talking and laughing, she sat silent in the corner.别人都有说有笑，她却坐在角落里默不作声。It didnt ring true.这话听起来不真实。三、定语定语修饰名词或代词，通常用来说明被修饰词的品质或特征。定语表示法如下：1.形容词作定语形容词作定语时，一般都放在被修饰词前；但形容词短语作定语时，要放在被修饰词的后面。He gave a wonderful lecture even though he was in a bad mood.尽管他心情不好，他做的演讲却很精彩。Any teacher responsible for the students is worth respecting.任何一个对学生负责的老师都值得人尊敬。2.名词或名词所有格作定语The school bus is due to leave at 7 a.m.校车在上午7点出发。Whats your parents opinion of your career?你父母对你的职业生涯有何看法？3.代词作定语Our math teacher singled out some students for praise.我们数学老师挑出了几个学生来表扬。4.数词作定语Over 2000 coal miners are going on strike on May Day.在劳动节这天，2000多名煤矿工人在进行罢工。5.动名词作定语动名词作定语都放在被修饰词前面，它们表示被修饰词的目的、用途等。a flying suit 飞行服drinking water 饮用水A large swimming pool is to be built here this year.今年，这里将建一座大的游泳池。6.不定式（短语）作定语不定式作定语，必须放在被修饰词之后。There are three things to be discussed at todays meeting.在今天的会议上有两件事情要讨论。I have full confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.我对你完成任务的能力有充分的信心。7.分词（短语）作定语现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语。现在分词作定语时，通常表示主动或动作正在进行；过去分词作定语时，通常表示被动或动作已经完成。单个分词作定语一般放在被修饰词前，有时单个的过去分词也可放在被修饰词后作定语，此时有较强的被动含义。Have you ever seen the touching film?你看过那部感人的电影么？Its really unpleasant to be bothered by unexpected guests at a romantic family party.在浪漫的家庭聚会上被不速之客打扰真的很令人不快。A penny saved is a penny gained.（谚语）省一分钱就等于挣一分钱。而分词短语作定语时，必须放在被修饰词之后。Do you know the man sitting behind him?你认识坐在他后面的那个男人么？8.副词作定语They should have told us if there was anything up.要是出了什么事，他们是应当告诉我们的。Her above statement may be summed up as follows.她以上所说的话可以归纳如下。9.介词短语作定语介词短语作定语时必须放在被修饰词的后面。The interests of the people 人民的利益The activities during the holidays 假期的活动A thirst for knowledge 求知欲The man in charge of the project was removed from the post because of taking bribery.负责这项工程的人因为受贿而撤职。10.词组或合成词作定语A box of chocolate 一盒巧克力A warm-hearted old man 一位好心的老人The peace-loving people 爱好和平的人Her father was a stick-in-the-mud fellow.他父亲是个守旧的人。He was an out-and-out conservative.他是个彻头彻尾的保守派。11.从句作定语从句作定语，即定语从句。有关定语从句的详细讲解请参见第七章定语从句部分，这里仅举一例。The students who work very hard are sure to succeed.学习很用功的学生一定会成功的。5