2023年高中英语语法知识汇总：状语从句.docx

2023年高中英语语法知识汇总：状语从句状语从句(adverbial clause)在句中作状语，可修饰主句中的动 词、形容词和副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可放 在句首或句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用逗号；放在句末时， 从句前面往往不用逗号。状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地 点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件、比较等九种。状语从句连词时间when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, immediately, the day, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) * when, the minute, the second, every (each) time地点Where, wherever, everywhere条件if, unless, prov iding/prov ided that, as (so) long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in case, only if, if only原因because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that (鉴于)让步though, although, even if (though), as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词，for all that, granting/granted, whether or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that比较asas, not the same as, not soas, than方式as, as if (though) the way目的that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest结果so that, sothat, such that, but that一、时间状语从句1、wki® whenever 和 as 的用法比较(1) wh i1e2、lest, for fear that和in case引导目的状语从句这三个连词词组的意思是“以防，以免"。lest的从句一般要用 虚拟语气,形式是“ should+动词原形”或省掉shouldo for fear that和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。I obeyed her lest she should be angry.我得顺着她，免得 她生气。Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太 阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。五、结果状语从句1 > so that, sothat, suchthat引导结果状语从句So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn Engl ish well.我感至lj在 讲英语的国家里生活太难了，因此我决定学好英语。He worked hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习彳艮努力, 结果通过了考试。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.他讲了那么长时间,人们开始打起瞌睡了。2、sothat与suchthat的区别这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副 词；such是形容词，后接名词。(1)单数名词在so. . . that与such. . . that中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词 前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不 同：such+ a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。She is such a good teacher that all of us love her. = She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.她是 位彳艮 好的老师，我们都敬爱她。(2)不可数名词或复数可数名词如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时、一般须用 such. . . that oHe made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.他进步很快,不久就开始用英语写 文章。(不可数名词)They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.这些书是那么有趣以致我们都想读一读。（复数可数名词）（3）名词前有 many, much, little, few 修饰时如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many, much, little, few 修饰时,则用sothat。r ve had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over. 我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。（复数可数名词）George had so little money that he had to get a job.乔 治没有钱，所以他不得不找工作干。（不可数名词）They are such little children that they can，t do anything. 他们是小孩，什么事情都干不了。教你巧学巧记：名前such,形、副so,多多少少也用SOolittle属特殊，“小”用SUCh, “少”用SOo3、如何判断so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句（1）当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时，为目的状语从句； 当表达的是“以至于”、“因此”含义时，为结果状语从句。If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.（目的状语从句）如果你的确知道，应大声回 答，以便让全班学生都可以听见。It rained hard the day before yesterday, so that she had to stay at home,（结果状语从句）前天雨下得很大，因此她只好 呆在家里。（2）当从句的谓语动词有情态动词can, could, may, might等 时，是目的状语从句；当从句里没有情态动词，且谓语动词是一 般现在时（过去时）、现在完成时等时态时，是结果状语从句。We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could （might） visit the monument to seagulls.（目的状语从句）我们在盐湖城逗留, 以便可以参观为海鸥修的纪念碑。They have walked a long way, so that we are all tired.（结果状语从句）他们走了很长的路，所以都很累。(3)当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时，是目的 状语从句；反之，是结果状语从句。We now study hard so that we may work well in the future. （=We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future.（目的状语从句）我们现在努力学习是为了将来更 好地工作。（4）当so that之前有逗号时，是结果状语从句；反之，是目的状 语从句The story is very interesting, so that I like it very much.（结果状语从句）这部小说很有趣，因而我非常喜欢。六、比较状语从句比较状语从句一般由asas（和一样）,not as/soas（与不 一样）,than （tL）, the more，the more（越越）引导。The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick. 导师给我的提议比给狄克的好。In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better our holiday will be.近几年旅游公司已成功地对我们公众宣传了去 得越远，假日越好的观点。John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.如果说约翰的足球踢的不比大卫好，至少和他踢的一样 好。I can't run as/so fast as he can.我不能跑得他那样快。教你巧学巧记：Than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格？下列两句中，than分别用了 I和me,两者都正确：She is older than me. (口语中常用)She is older than I (am)(较正式文体常用)但是，在有些句子中，用主格和用宾格，句子会戳然不同。John likes Henry more than I.John likes Henry more than me.我们知道，than用作连词，它的后面省略了一个比较(方式)状语从句。现在我们把以上两句补充完整。John likes Henry more than I like Henry.John likes Henry more than he likes me.看得出，第一句的意思是：约翰比我更喜欢亨利。第二句的意思是：约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。那么, 在什么情况下，than后面的人称代词用主格？什么情况下用宾格？一、如果主句谓语是不及物动词，Ran后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。例如： She draws better than I (me).它画得比我好。要注意，如果人称代词后面有all时，人称代词一般用宾格。She draws better than them all.二、如果主句谓语是及物动词，且than后面的名词或代词又与动词连用时，than后面的人称代词只 能用主格。例如：He loves the dog more than his wife does.他比他的妻子更爱这条狗。三、如果主句谓语是连系动词be, thar诙面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。例如： He is taller than I (me).他比我长得高。四、如果主句谓语是及物动词，特别是like, love, hate等及物动词，than后面的人称代词用用主 格或宾格均可，但句意不同。逻辑上，这些及物动词既能与人称代词构成“主谓关系”，又能构成 “动宾关系”。因此，用主格时，后面省去了主句巾的谓语和宾语；用宾格时省去了句子的主语和谓语.例如：I like the boy better than she. =1 like the boy better than she likes the boy.我比她更喜欢那个男孩。I like the boy better than her. =1 like the boy better than I like her.我喜欢那个男孩胜过喜欢她。七、让步状语从句 让步状语从句由 though, although, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whoever, whenever, no matter +wh 词， 等引导。1 > even if, even though, although, though 引导的让步状语 从句这四个词(词组)都有“虽然、即使、尽管”的意思。even if 和even though带有较强的意味,语气比although和though强。 though比although通俗,但不如although正式，都不能和but 连用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless连用。可以放在主 句前面也可以放在主句后面。even if, even though所接的句子 常用虚拟语气。We wouldn't give up even if we should fail ten times.即 使是我们失败十次，我们也不会放弃。He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.尽管他很忙，他可能给了你更多的帮助。2、as或though引导让步状语从句形容词+ as/though+主与+谓语副词动词分词名词(1)由as或though引导让步状语从句用倒装语序Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.这些 贵族尽管很傲慢，他们却害怕见我。(2)如果表语为单数可数名词，这个名词不带冠词12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English.她虽然只是个12岁的女孩，但是她已经熟知英语。Child as he is, he knows a lot.虽然他还是个孩子，却懂的 很多。(3)如果句中谓语包含情态动词或助动词，则将实意动词放在as 之前Try as I might, I couldn，t lift the stone.我使多大劲儿 也搬不动这块石头。Praised as he was, he remained modest他虽然受到表扬， 但仍然保持着谦虚。(4)如果句中谓语仅有实意动词，则将实意动词(原形)放在as 之前，并在主语后面加助动词do, does, did或will。Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her. 虽然敌人拷打她，却没有能从她嘴里得到什么。Fail as he did, he would never give up.尽管他失败了，但 他决不会放弃。注：但是，如果在这种情况下，句中谓语有副词修饰，则将副词放 在as之前。Again and again as he failed, he didn，t lose heart.他虽 然多次失败，但仍不灰心丧气。Much as I admire his courage, I don，t think he acted wisely. 我虽然佩服他的勇气，但是我认为他这样做是不明智的。3、由no mat ter + wh词和由疑问词+ ever引导让步状语从句由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论"；由疑问词+ ever 引导，表示“不管，不论“。这类词有：whatever, whichever, whoever , however, whenever, wherever 等，他们相当于 no matter+ what (which, who, how, when, where ), 者不能与 but, so, and等并列连词同时使用。We' 11 have to finish the job, however (no matter how) longit takes.不管需要多长时间，我们都一定完成这项工作。No matter what (Whatever) you do, don't tell him that I told you this.无论你做什么，别告诉他我对你说过这件事。4、由whether. .or引导让步状语从句由whether.or引导让步状语从句表示“不论还是”， 提供两种对比的情况。I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home. 不 论你来还是留在家中，我都要去。Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “let it happen” . 不管我们喜欢不喜欢一条消息，我们所能做的只是坐在电视机前， “让它过去”。八、条件状语从句条件状语从句可以位于主句前面或后面。1、由 if, unless 引导常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句的动词和从句的动 词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。它不能表示一时性或短暂 的动作。Don't talk so loud while ( as) others are working.另 ij 人工 作时，请勿大声说话。(2) when引导的时间状语从句，可指时间的一点，也可以指一段时间，从 句的谓语动词可用终止性动词，也可用持续性动词。when引导的 从句表示的具体的时间，从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时，也 可以先于主句的动作。Whenever指任何一个不具体的时间。It was raining when we arrived. 我们到达时,天正下着雨。(动作同时，指时间点)When you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.当你再读一遍这首诗，你就更清晰它的含意。(动 作有先后，指时间点，不能用while)Come whenever you like.你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。(3) asif表示正面的条件，意为“如果"；unless表示反面的条件,意为“除非，如果不" （if not）You will be late unless you leave immediately.除非你立 即走，否则，你会迟到。If you don, t hurry up, you，11 be late.如果你不快点，你 就会晚了。WeJ11 go there unless it rains.如果不下雨,我们就去那儿。2、由 suppose,supposing,as/so long as, providing, provided, on condition that 和 in case 等弓| 导这类连词（词组）意思相近，有：“如果、假设、即使、在 条件下”等意义。Suppose （Supposing） he is ill, what shal 1 we do? 如果他 病了，我们该怎么办？You，11 do all right, as long as you follow his advice. 只要你听从他的劝告，你就会干得很好的。In case John comes, please tell him to wait.假如约翰来了， 请让他稍候。You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it.倘若这本书没有其他人想借的话，你可以再 续借一个礼拜。九、方式状语从句方式状语从句一般由as（正如；按照），as if/as though（好 像）,the way等引导。1 > as和just as引导方式状语从句这两个连词的意思是“如，犹如，正如"（in the same manner that） o just as比as的强调性更强。You must do everything as I do.你们要照我这样去做。Just as the water is the most important of liquids, air is the most important gases.正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样， 空气是气体中最重要的一种。2 as if和as though引导方式状语从句as if和as though意为“好像、仿佛”可以用虚拟语气表示 不符合事实或与事实相反的情况；也可以用陈述语气表示符合事 实的情况。He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg.他慢慢地 走，她像腿受伤的样子。He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他说得好 像对这个问题知道得很清楚。3 the way引导方式状语从句the way它的作用相当于the manner,后面的引导词常用that 引导方式状语，而且经常省略。此时，一般不用in which引导。I don' t like the way you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说 话的方式。We didn，t like the way that he treated us, 我不喜欢他对 待我们的方式。用as时主句和从句的动作往往同时发生，具有延伸意义，一般同 延续性动词连用，有时可译作“一边一边”。As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.随着时间 的推移，他的理论被证明是正确的。As （when） he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他讲话结束的时候，听众掌声雷动。（指一点忖间不能 用 while）2、名词词组引导时间状语从句有时名词 every time（每次）,the next time（下一次）,the next day （第二天），the moment （一就）, the instant, thesecond, the year等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从 句。Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回来，都把鞋子丢在地板上。3、副词作连词用引导时间状语从句有些副词如 instantly, immediately, instantly, directly, presently等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示就的意思。I recognized her instantly I saw her.我一看见她就把她认 出来了。4、since和before的用法比较两者均可用于It+ be. . . +since/before-从句的句型。区别在于 since表示“自从以来”，所在主、从句的谓语动词的时态 关系是：It is/has been sometime since sb. did sth.。 而 before 的含义是“（过了多久）才”，主、从句的时态关系是：It was/had been some time before sb. did sth. o表过去和将来 时,两者相应的句型分别是：It was some time since sb. had done sth.和 It will be some time before sb. does sth.It is 30 years since he joined the revolution.他参加I革 命己三十年了。It was three days before he came back, 他三天后才回来。It was not long before he came back.不久他就会来了。二、地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由where （在地方；那里），wherever （无论哪里）和everywhere （在每一个地方）引导。After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.战后，一所新学校在以前的剧院处 建成。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.你应当养成惯例，将东西放在你能找到的地方。She found her calculator where she lost it.他在她丢的 地方找到了计算器。Everywhere they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.贵宾每到一处都受到了热烈的欢迎。注意：where除了表示地点外，还可以表示条件、对比和让步。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。（条 件）We want to stay at home, where children would rather spend the holiday in the country.我们想留在家里，而孩子们却愿 到乡间度假。（对比）Wherever I went, the dog followed me.无论我走到哪里，这 只狗总跟着我。（让步）三、原因状语从句 原因状语从句一般由because（因为），since（既然），as（由于），now that （既然，因为）等连词引导1、because, since, as, for 和 now that 引导原因状语从句(1) because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因 果关系。回答以why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining.因为天下雨， 所以詹穿着雨衣。(2) since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because 稍弱。r 11 do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我来替你 做吧。Since you insist, I'll go.既然你坚持，那我就去。(3) as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出 来，语气较弱，只附带说明，比较口语化。We had better hurry as it's getting dark.因为天快要黑了， 我们最好快点。As you object, r 11 change the plan.由于你反对，我将改变 计划。(4) forfor是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附 带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句 之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning,昨晚准是下雨了，今天早上地面还是湿的。The day breaks, for the birds are singing.小鸟在歌唱， 一定是天亮了。(5) now that意为既然，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。Now that everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.既然 大家都来了，我们就开始开会吧。Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.我既 然恢复了健康，那就可以继续工作了。2 seeing that, considering that 和 in that 引导原因状语从 句这几个连词同since, as近义，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因”是 之意。Considering that he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.鉴于他只学了一年，他英语讲得就是 很好。Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor.鉴于他 病情严重，他们派人请医生。In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it.因为病了， 她觉得不能做那件事。3、not thatbut that引导原因状语从句这是一种加强语气的表示原因的结构，意为“不是因为，而是因 为“Not that I don，t like the film, but that I have no time for it.不是因为我不喜欢这部电影，而是因为我没时间看。The soldier's essential honor was not that he killed his enemy, but that he was willing to die.军人的真正光荣不 是杀敌，而是不惜牺牲。四、目的状语从句1、that, so that, in order that 引导目的状语从句目的状语从句由that, so that, in order that等引导。从句中 的谓语动词前常有情态动词may> mightcan> could> will, would 等。John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party, 约翰把其他人 关在厨房外，目的是能够为晚会烹饪出人意料的东西。These men risk their lives in order that we may live moresafely.这些人甘冒生命危险，是为了让我们活得更安全些。