2022年考研外语考试真题及答案60.docx

2022年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1> By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million Bl of these nations loved B2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence B3 the ideals of representative government, careers B4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the B5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. B6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a B7 set of laws.On the issue of B8 of religion and the position of the church, B9 , there was less agreement BIO the leadership RomanCatholicism had been the state religion and the only one Bll by the Spanish crown. B12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism B13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the B14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying B15 for the conservative forces.performerswhether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming一are nearly always made, not born.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to .A.stress the importance of professional trainingB.spotlight the soccer superstars in the World CupC. introduce the topic of what makes expert performanceD. explain why some soccer teams play better than othersThe underlined word mania (Line 3, Paragraph 2) most probably means.A. funB. crazeC. hysteriaD. excitementAccording to Ericsson, good memory .A. depends on meaningful processing of informationB. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercisesC. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factorsD requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration4、Ericsson and his colleagues believe that .A. talent is a dominating factor for professional successB. biographical data provide the key to excellent performanceC. the role of talent tends to be overlookedD. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture5、Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?A. Faith will move mountains.B. One reaps what one sows.C. Practice makes perfect.D. Like father, like son.6、For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called Ask Marilyn”. People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whoseIQ is 100) as. What's the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms; the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant5 s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and theGraduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership一that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?A. Answering philosophical questions.B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?A People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because .A. the scores are obtained through different computational proceduresB. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized nowC. vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeatD. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changedWe can conclude from the last paragraph that.A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one s abilityB. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlatedC. testing involves a lot of guessworkD. traditional tests are out of dateWhat is the author's attitude towards IQ tests?A. Supportive.B. Skeptical.C. Impartial.D. Biased.11> During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair pay to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once has in times of financial setback一a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This“added-worker effect could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwisestayat-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen一and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parentand all he attendant need for physicaland financial assistancehave jumped eightfold in just onegeneration.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that.A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB.their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics D.they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance 12、As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may haveA.a higher sense of securityB.less secured paymentsC. less change to investD.a guaranteed future13、According to the author, health-savings plans will .A. help reduce the cost of healthcareB. popularize among the middle classC. compensate for the reduced pensionsD. increase the families' investment riskIt can be inferred from the last paragraph that .A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risksB. the middle class may face greater political challengesC. financial problems may bring about political problemsD. financial responsibility is an indicator of political statusWhich of the following is the best title for this text?A. The Middle Class on the Alert.B. The Middle Class on the Cliff.C. The Middle Class in Conflict.D. The Middle Class in Ruins.16> It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, anew problem threatens toearnthemespeciallyinAmerican一the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year一from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley一have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as ally other asset”, says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school. "The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Norm of New York's Columbia BusinessThe ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had B16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's B17 colonies. Early premise to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much B18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies B19 Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was B20 self-rule and democracy.BlA.nativesB. inhabitantsC.peoplesD.individuals2、B2A.confusedlyB.cheerfullyC. worriedlyD.hopefully3、School. "Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one He says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore一and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged一though not justified一by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed datasecurity legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D. C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fall to provide adequate data security.The statement It never rains but it pours" is used tointroduce.A.the fierce business competitionB.the feeble boss-board relationsC.the threat from news reportsD.the severity of data leakageAccording to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out .A. whether there is any weak pointB. what sort of data has been stolenC. who is responsible for the leakageD. how the potential spies can be locatedIn bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that .A. shareholders' interests should be properly attended toB. information protection should be given due attentionC businesses should enhance their level of accounting securityD. the market value of customer data should be emphasized19、According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that somebosses fail to.A. see the link between trust and data protectionB. perceive the sensitivity of personal dataC. realize the high cost of data restorationD. appreciate the economic value of trustIt can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that .A. data leakage is more severe in EuropeB. FTC's decision is essential to data securityC. California takes the lead in security legislationD. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage20、 Part B (10 points)You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their child