2022年考研外语考试真题及答案59.docx

2022年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1 > The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer placea ''voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for.A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough timesWe learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be.A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisersAccording to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director，s surprise departure, the firm is likelyA. become more stableB. report increased earningsC.do less well in the stock marketD. perform, worse in lawsuitsIt can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firmThe author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. critical2、 Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle werechronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13, 500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2022. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in2022, according to the Organization for Economic CooperationDevelopment ( OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.By saying Newspapers like. . . their own doom” ( Lines 23 , Para. 1 ) , the author indicates that newspapers.A. neglected the sign of crisisB. failed to get state subsidiesC. were not charitable corporationsD. were in a desperate situationSome newspapers refused del ivery to di stant suburbs probably because.A. readers threatened to pay lessB. newspapers wanted to reduce costsC. journalists reported little about these areasD. subscribers complained about slimmer productsCompared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because theyhave more sources of revenuehave more balanced newsroomsare less dependent on advertisingare less affected by readershipWhat can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?A. Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B. Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers.C.Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.D. Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.The most appropriate title for this text would be.A. American Newspapers; Struggling for SurvivalB. American Newspapers: Gone with the WindC. American Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessD. American Newspapers; A Hopeless Story10、 We tend to think of the decades immediately followingWorld War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish. Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “ less is more" was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies' s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized thefuture. Mies' s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago, s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1, 000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings， details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1, 200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The Case Study Houses commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more“ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life-few American familiesacquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers一but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.The postwar American housing style, largely reflected the Americans，.A. prosperity and growthB. efficiency and practicalityC.restraint and confidenceD.pride and faithfulnessWhich of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?A.It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.A. was related to large spaceB. was identified with emptinessC. was not reliant on abundant decorationD. was not associated with efficiencyWhat is true about the apartments Mies buildt on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?A. They ignored details and proportions.B. They were built with materials popular at that time.C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.15、What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House”?A. Mechanical devices were widely used.B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.16、Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project, s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone，s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe* s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country，s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour ; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A southern" camp headed by French wants something different: “European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these " single sign-on，z systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights' to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a ''voluntary ecosystem in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs. Still, the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet drive's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the ,voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French, government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e. g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world* s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.The EU is faced with so many problems that.A. it has more or less lost faith in marketsB. even its supporters begin to feel concernedC. some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD. it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation 17、The debate over the EU，s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.A. are competing for the leading positionB.are busy handling their own crisesC. fail to reach an agreement on harmonisationD. disagree on the steps towards disintegrationTo solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that.A. EU funds for poor regions be increasedB. stricter regulations be imposedC. only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD. voting rights of the EU members be guaranteedThe French proposal of handling the crisis implies that.A. poor countries are more likely to get fundsB. strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC. loans will be readily available to rich countriesD. rich countries will basically control EurobondsRegarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel.A. pessimisticB. desperateC. conceitedD. hopeful18、 Part B (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government，s role in promoting publ ic heal th by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style, warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of spor