2023年考研外语模拟卷17.docx

考研外语模拟卷17一、Use of English1、 The majority of people, about nine out of ten, are right-handed. (1) until recently, people who were left-handed were considered (2)and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands. Today left-handedness is generally (3), but it is still a disadvantage in a world (4)most people are right-handed. For example, most tools and implements are still (5)for right-handed people.In sports (6) contrast, doing things with the left hand or foot, is often an advantage. Throwing, kicking, punching or batting from the (7) "side may result in throwing (8)many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with the (9) of players who are right-handed. This is why, in many (10)at a professional level, a (11)proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole. The word "right" in many languages means correct" or is (12)with lawfulness, whereas the words associated (13)such as "sinister”, generally have (14)What is the most remarkable characteristic of Modern English?A. Numerous additions to its vocabulary.B. Completion of a revolution in vowel distribution.C. Gradual changes in its grammatical system.D. The direct influence of Latin.6、Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question. There is certainly much work which is exceedingly weary and an excess of work is always very painful. I think, however, that, provided work is not excessive in amount, even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness. There are in work all grades, from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights, according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker. Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter. To be able to fillleisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from toil. At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past, Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of those earth-shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.Work therefore is desirable, first and foremost, as a preventive of boredom, for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days. With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor, he is likely to find far more zest inhis free time than an idle man could possibly find.The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while our capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire than men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can acquire. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one s own circle.What is the author's opinion about work?A. Work can keep people busy as if they were poor.B. Work is a cause of the greatest delight of life.C. Work is very tiresome, especially when too excessive.D. Work can at least give relief from boredom.In the author's opinion, what is the last product of civilization?A. To make wise use of leisure.B. To be free from hard work.C. To keep oneself busy with trifles.D. To work to some extent.According to the passage, generally.A. respectableB. acceptableC. insultingD. disgustingAccording to the passage, terms of.A. relationshipB. enjoymentC. incomeD. promotionto be told to do something issuccess can mostly be measured in7、As put by the author, most of the work that most people have to do is.A. delightful but time consumingB.exceedingly dull and always painfulC. not worth doing and bearable at allD. not interesting but very rewarding8、 Ask any employee at an level in any company what they dislike about their job and somewhere on the list you will find a complaint about the system of performance appraisals. It does seem strange that an idea which was supposed to benefit both individuals and the company should be so universally disliked, but the staff appraisal is now one of the biggest causes of dissatisfaction at work. In the United States there have even been cases of unhappy workers taking their employers to court over appraisal interviews. It is in a company's interest to combat this situation, but, before reversing the appraisal's negative associations, an organization needs to pinpoint the underlying reasons which have contributed to them.Problems with appraisals can fall into two main areas一those arising from the scheme itself and those arising from the implementation and understanding of that scheme. Naturally it is easier to tackle those in the former category; indeed, some companies have developed schemes following legal guidelines. These guidelines suggest that a successful scheme should have a clear appeal process, that any negative feedback should be accompanied by "evidence" such as dates, times and outcomes and that, most importantly, ratings should reflect specificmeasurable elements of the job requirements.It is not always necessary to resort to legal advice however. Some changes to current schemes are simply a matter of logic. For instance, if employees are constantly encouraged to work in teams and to assume joint responsibility for their successes and failures, it makes little sense for the appraisals to focus on individuals, as this may lead to resentments and create divisions within the group. It is possible, and in some cases more suitable, to arrange appraisals where performance is rated for the group.Staff also need to be educated about the best way to approach appraisals. Managers often find that they are uncomfortable being asked to take on a more supportive role than they are used to without having had any training. Those being appraised may see it as a chance to air their grievances and highlight the company's failings rather than consider their own role. Both parties view the process as a necessary evil, to be gone through once or twice a year, and then forgotten about. The importance given to the appraisal stems from the fact that, despite all the talk of the interview being a chance for management and employees to come together and exchange ideas, set joint targets and improve the way decisions are reached, the realityis that they are often nothing more than the pretext on which pay rises are given, or not given. Pay is, of course, a subject that always leads to problems.Given the problems associated with staff appraisals, why is it that, with no legal requirement, companies continue to run them? The answer is simple, it is impossible to manage something you know nothing about. As any Human Resources manager can tell you, the best way to learn about someone is to talk to them. Effective people management relies on knowledge and appraisals are still the best way to build up that bank of knowledge.Why are there so many problems with appraisals?A. People think that there are too many categories.B. People are not sure how the system works.C. People think that the feedback is too negative.D.People are not happy with the legal aspects.Individual appraisals are not always very effective because.A. teams much prefer to be awarded a group ratingB.everybody works in teams these daysC. team members share liability for resultsD. team leaders sense resentment between members13、What do senior staff find difficult about doing appraisals?A. Relating to their staff in a different manner than usual.B. Having to listen to staff complaining about the company.C. Managing to find time to attend proper training sessions.D. Knowing the best way to educate staff about their role.In an ideal world an appraisal is an opportunity to.A. improve your salaryB. moan about the bossC.discuss and agree goalsD. meet every six monthsHow are personal appraisals important for companies?A.They help HR managers to talk to staff.B. They provide the best way to build new targets.C. They help the company meet legal requirements.D. They provide valuable information to the employer.16> The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was to teach us a great deal about the chimpanzee mind. This was Project Washoe, conceived by Trixie and Allen Gardner. They purchased an infant chimpanzeeand began to teach her the signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deaf. Twenty years earlier another husband and wife team, Richard and Cathy Hayes, had tried, with an almost total lack of success, to teach a young chimp, Vikki, to talk. The Hayess undertaking taught us a lot about the chimpanzee mind, but Vikki, although she did well in IQ tests, and was clearly an intelligent youngster, could not learn human speech. The Gardners, however, achieved spectacular success with their pupil, Washoe. Not only did she learn signs easily, but she quickly began to string them together in meaningful ways. It was clear that each sign evoked, in her mind, a mental image of the object it represented. If, for example, she was asked, in sign language, to fetch an apple, she would go and locate an apple that was out of sight in another room.Other chimps entered the project, some starting their lives in deaf signing families before joining Washoe. And finally Washoe adopted an infant, Loulis. He came from a lab where no thought of teaching signs had ever penetrated. When he was with Washoe he was given no lessons in language acquisition一not by humans, anyway. Yet by the time he was eight years old he had made fifty-eight signs in their correct contexts. How did he learn them? Mostly, it seems, by imitating the behavior, of Washoeand the other three signing chimps, Dar, Moja and Tam. Sometimes, though, he received tuition from Washoe herself. One day, for example, she began to swagger about bipedally, hair bristling, signing food! food! food! in great excitement. She had seen a human approaching with a bar of chocolate. Loulis, only eighteen months old, watched passively. Suddenly Washoe stopped her swaggering, went over to him, took his hand, and moulded the sign for food (fingers pointing towards mouth). Another time, in a similar context, she made the sign for chewing gum一but with her hand on his body. On a third occasion Washoe picked up a small chair, took it over to Loulis, set it down in front of him, and very distinctly made the chair sign three times, watching him closely as she did so. The two food signs became incorporated into Loulis，s vocabulary but the sign for chair did not. Obviously the priorities of a young chimp are similar to those of a human child!Chimpanzees who have been taught a language can combine signs creatively in order to describe objects for which they have no symbol. Washoe, for example, puzzled her caretakers by asking, repeatedly, for a rock berry. Eventually it transpired that she was referring to brazil nuts which she had encountered for the first time a while before. Another language-trained chimpassociations. Moreover, among a number of primitive peoples, there is (15)close association between death and the left hand.In the past, in (16) western societies, children were often forced to use their right hands, especially to write with.In some cases the left hand was (17) behind the child's back so that it could not be used. If, in the future, they are allowed to choose, (18) will certainly be more left-handers, and probably (19) people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their (20) hand.A. DownB. NeverC. UpD. Not2、A. uniqueB. eccentricC. normalD. abnormal3、A. accepteddescribed a cucumber as a green banana. They can even invent signs. Lucy, as she got older, had to be put on a leash for her outings. One day, eager to set off but having no sign for leash, she signaled her wishes by holding a crooked index finger to the ring on her collar. This sign became part of her vocabulary.The example of Washoe being sent to fetch an apple which is in another room indicates that.A. chimps may have more than one way to fetch foodB. chimps can associate one sign with another in a meaningful wayC. chimps can learn the signs of ASL, the American Sign Language used by the deafD. chimps have their particular ways for finding what they wantThe main idea of Paragraph 2 can be summarized as. .A. chimps can also be taught to imitate their eldersB. like human beings, chimps can also learn some sign language through self-taughtC. young chimps can be clever enough to watch and learnD. a young chimp is similar to a human child in intelligence development to know the nature of some objectsThe word transpire" in Paragraph 3 can probably mean.A. it turned out thatB. it transformed thatC. it seemed thatD. it made clear thatFrom what is said in the passage we can conclude that.A. some animals do have intelligence to some extentB. chimps can be taught to use human language if enough time is givenC. chimps can even give some particular signs to express what they wantD. chimps can be as creative as human beingsThe best title of this passage can be .A. New Research Findings on the Chimpanzee MindB. Chimpanzee一Intelligent and Creative AnimalsC. Chimpanzee and Sign LanguageD. Chimpanzees Are Talents in Language Learning17、 Part B (10 points)The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order, you arerequired to reorganize these