2022年考研外语考试真题及答案69.docx

2022年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1> The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11 , 2022. It is the first worldwide epidemic Bl by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert B2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising B3in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is B4 in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general , B5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the B6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global B7 in late April 2022, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths B8 healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to B9 in New York City, the southwestern United Statesto sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as a last victory because.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisisBy saying spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable (Line 1 -2, Para. 3) , the author suggests that.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buyingWhich of the following statements is NOT true?A. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2022 to 2022.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are.A.auction houses ' favoritesB.contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionistsThe most appropriate title for this text could be.A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in Arts6、I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room一a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening,I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, She's the talker in our family. The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. It's true, he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence.This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed一but only a few of the men一gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every yeara virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women about their husbandsmost often focused not on tangible inequities such as havinggiven up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication; He doesn't listen to me. He doesn't talk to me. I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D.Sharing housework.7 、Judging from the context, the phrase /zwreaking havoc” (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably meansA.generating motivation8 .exerting influenceC.causing damageD.creating pressureAll of the following are true EXCEPT.A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB.nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouseWhich of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text ?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on.A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon °14C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.s.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker11、Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors一habits一among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues. There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can t figure out how to change people's habits, said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine. We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically77 The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to一Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever一had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers' lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you 11 find that many of the products we use every daychewing gums, skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners , fabric softeners, vitamins一are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn't drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup. Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns, said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's essential to making new productscommercially viable.Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap.A.should be further cultivatedB.should be changed graduallyC. are deeply rooted in historyD. are basically private concernsBottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to.A.reveal their impact on people's habitsB. show the urgent need of daily necessitiesC. indicate their effect on people's buying powerD. manifest the significant role of good habitswhich of the following does NOT belong to products that helpcreate people's habits?A. Tide.B. Crest.C. Colgate.D. Unilever.From the text we know that some of consumers' habits are developed due to.A.perfected art of productsB.automatic behavior, creationC. commercial promotionsD. scientific experimentsthe author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is.A. indifferentB.negativeC.positiveD.biased16、Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications0°18of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination lawso The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid_20th century. Although women first served onand around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fadeB10warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2022, officials reported there was Bll flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the B12tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1 , not seasonal flu. In the U. S. , it has CB13more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6, 000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials B14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began B15 orders from the slates for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is B16ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2022, though most of those B17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not B18for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other B19 But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups; health care workers, people B20 infants and healthy young people.BlA. criticizedstate juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that.A. both literate and illiterate people can serve on juriesB. defendants are immune from trial by their peersC. no age limit should be imposed for jury serviceD. judgment should consider the opinion of the publicThe practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showe d.A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination lawsB. the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC.the conflicting ideals in jury selection proceduresD. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judgesEven in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because.A.they were automatically banned by state lawsB.they fell far short of the required qualificationsC.they were supposed to perform, domestic dutiesD.they tended to evade public engagementAfter the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, A. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolishedB.educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurorsC. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire communityD. states ought to conform, to the federal court in reforming the jury system20、In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on.A. its nature and problemsB. its characteristics and traditionC. its problems and their solutionsD. its tradition and development21> Part BCopying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it wou