牛津译林版英语八年级下册现在完成时态精讲.docx

现在完成时一、定义：表示从过去持续到现在的动作或者状态，或者已经完成但是对现在有一定影响的 动作，另外还用在表示迄今为止动作发生的次数。1.构成：肯定句由助动词have/has+done（动词的过去分词构成）E.g. I' ve finished my homework.否定句：主语+have/has+not.E.g.He has not come yet.一般疑问句把have/has提到主语前.Have you ever ridden a horse?Yes, I have.No,I haven? t.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词（过分）+其他？如： Where has he gone recently?二、过去分词的构成正常情况：动词后-ed finish=finished动词以 e 结尾-d change-changed动词以辅音字母+y结尾的动词 去掉y加ied carry-carried以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的短动词双写辅音字母+ed stop-stopped过去分词中的不规则变化：（见书本后122记得背诵）1.表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，I have just cleaned my clothes.我刚洗过衣服。（“洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“衣服干净了”）I have just had my breakfast.（对现在的影响：不饿）通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just （刚刚）,already （一般用在肯定句，翻译成已经）,yet （常用在疑问句和否定句，疑问 句中表示已经，否定句中表示还）never从未，用在否定句中二at no time in the pastever （曾经，在任何时候）recently（最近一段时间）since （自.以来）up to now（到目前 为止）until/till now（直到现在）for（计，达 表示动作或者情况持续时间长度）等时间状语连用 I have never heard of it yet.（还） Have you ever ridden a horse?（3） She has already finished the work.-Have you milked the cow （挤牛奶）yet?（已经） -Yes, I have done that already. I' ve just finished my homework. He has not come yet.2.表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去。通常要和表示一 段时间的状语连用,如：for+一段时间,since+具体时间以及so far, by now, in the last ten years等连用。He has worked here since 1989.She has learnt English for 3 years/since 3 years ago.They have lived here since 1990.What has happened to the USA in the last 350 yearsfor 和 sinceLfor+时间段I have taught here for 16 years.2. since的用法分三种情况1）,since+时间点They have lived here since 2001.2） . since+时间段+agoThey have lived here since 20 years ago.3） . since+从句（一般过去时态）They have lived here since they came to the city.自从他到这个城市，十年已经过去。l.Ten years has passed since he came to the city.2.It is ten years since he came to the city.结构：It is +时间段+since+一般过去时的句子选用for和since填空：1 .We haven' t seen each other a long time.2 .His father has been in the factory 10 years ago.3 .The film has been on 20 minutes.4 .Mr Green has worked here he came to China.5 .His grandparents have been dead several years.6 . It' s five years we met last time3.表示过去发生的动作到现在为止发生的次数的总和，或者工作量的积累。如：She really loves the book.She has read it five times.注意点一：我们用一般过去时讲述过去发生的事情。而用现在完成时谈论一个在过去开始，并持续到现 在的动作，或者用现在完成时谈论一个动作的结果或者影响。现在完成时属于现在时态范围， 因此，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last night, two weeks ago, the other day（那天）last（上个）.ago（前几天）等试比较：The plane has arrived .飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿）The plane arrived a quarter ago.飞机是一刻钟以前来的。（强调动作发生在过去）I have seen the film.I saw the film last week.He has lived here since 1998.He lived here in 1998.四、延续性和短暂性动词延续性动词也叫持续性动词，表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或者更长时间。常见的延续性动词有：work, live,wait,study,learn,do, write,read,drive,sleep,sit,stand,fly,walk,keepjie,talk 等非延续性动词也叫结束性动词、短暂性动词或者瞬间动词，表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非 常短暂。 常见的有：start, begin,finish,end,come,go,leave,find,hear,reach,arrive,enter,stop,open,close,joinecomebuy.borrowjend,happen,lose,die.延续性动词和非延续性动词都可以用在完成时态中。The match has begun. VThe match has begun for ten minutes. X（for+时间段的组合要和延续性动词使用）The match has been on for ten minutes. V非延续性动词不可以和一段时间的状语连用，要改成对应的延续性动词或者短语。常见的有：buy-have/has had fall ill-have/has been illbecome-have/has beenopen-have/has been openclose-have/has been closedcatch a cold-have/has had a coldcome/go to /reach/arrive in/at/get to-have/has been in/at他入党五年了。（翻译）He joined the Party five years ago .He has been in the Party for five years.He has been a Party member for five years.It is five years since he joined the Party.buyhas hadcatch （get） a coldhave/has had a coldborrow/lendhave/has keptcome/go /become have/has been2,转换成be+名词/介词短语join the army have/has been a soldierhave/has been in the armyjoin the Partygo to schoolhave/has been a Party memberhas/have been in the Partyhave/has been a studenthave/has been in school3.转换成be+形容词或副词 die -be deadfall asleep/ill-be asleep/ill Leave-be away from （地点） eg他自从1985就参军了。finish-be overclose-be closed go out-be out（翻译）begin/start-be on open-be open get up-be uparrive/come/reach have/has been in/at（in加大地点，at加小地点 大地点比如国家、地区、 城市 小地点具体到地址，如果遇到地点副词比如home,here,there就不加介词。）get to know-have/has known begin to study-have/has studied come to work-have/has worked eg自从十年前我就认识他。（翻译） 电影开始五分钟了。The film began five minutes ago.The film has been on for five minutes. It is five minutes since the film begano终止性动词的现在完成时否定式已成为一种可延续性状态，因此可以和表一段时间的时间状 语连用。如：I haven't bought the bike for a year.我买这辆自行车还不到一年。She hasn't come here for an hour.她来这儿还没有一个小时。He hasn't left here since 1985.自从1985年，他就没离开过这.练习题：找错误1.1 have borrowed the book for 2 weeks.2. The film has begun for 5 minutes.（3. 这辆自行车我买了两年了。I' vethe biketwo years.Nanjing for two years.（改成现在完成时）for a month.4. He left Nanjing two years ago.He 5. The monkey died last month.The monkey 注意点三：have been in, have been to 与 have gone to 的用法1、have (has) been in表示在某地(多长时间),现在仍在那里。常与表示一段时间的状 语连用。例如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.布朗来上海已经有三天了。They have been in Canada for five years.他们到加拿大有五年了。2、have( has)been to表示“曾经去过某地"，现在已经回来了，不在刚刚那个地方了。可与just, ever, never等连用，例如：I have just been to the post office.我刚才去邮局了。Mary has never been to the Great Wall.玛丽从未去过长城。Have you ever been to Hangzhou before?你以前曾经去过杭州吗？have (has) been to后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如：They have been to that village several times.他们去过那个村庄好几次了。3、have (has) gone to意为到某地去了，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话 时该人不在现场，还没有回来。例如：-Where is Tom?-He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去 了。Jack Johnson has gone to London.杰克约翰逊到伦敦去了。练习题：用 have been to, have gone to, have been in 填空l.Mike and his parents the north for half a year.2 .Mum is not at home now. she the shop.3 .you ever to Kunming ? Never.4 .Where you these days?5 .Has Jim arrived yet?Yes, he here for several days.6 .Where is Peter? I don't know where he.7 .Hi Jim! Where you?Li Lei is looking for you.现在完成时''三看三用"(判断的参考)一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能 用一般过去时。如：I have visited the factory.I visited the factory last year.二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗(句首无疑问词)，常用现在完成时； 但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时(句首有疑问词)就要用一般过去 时。 如： Have you had your breakfast?Yes, I have. When did you have it?At seven thirty.注意：这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延 续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago.练习题1.1 heard of that story yet.A. don't have B. not haveC. have notD. not to have2 .Have you made dumplings? No, I haven't.A. just now B. yesterday C. ago D. yet3 .Tom ill since last night.A. was B. is C. has been D. be4 .-How long have you Nanjing?-About two years.A. gone to B. been to C .been in D. went to5 .-How many times has Jim that park?-Twice.A. gone to B. been to C. been in D. went to6.I've this dictionaryforhalf a year.A. boughtB.hadC. lendedD. borrowed7.She won't go to the cinema this eveningbecause she the film before.A. has seenB. sawC. seesD. is seeing8 .Mr Li posted his letter.It's still on his desk.A. has, alreadyB. hasn't, yetC. has, yetD. hasn't, already9 .The shop for about seven years.A. is opening B. has openedC. openingD. has been open